2019 OASDI Trustees Report

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IV. ACTUARIAL ESTIMATES
This chapter presents actuarial estimates of the future financial condition of the Social Security program. These estimates show the income, cost, and asset reserves or unfunded obligation of the OASI and DI Trust Funds: (1) in dollars over the 10‑year short-range period; and (2) as a percentage of taxable payroll, as a percentage of gross domestic product, and in present-value dollars over the 75‑year long-range period. In addition, the chapter discusses a variety of measures of the adequacy of current program financing. This report distinguishes between: (1) the cost (obligations) of the program, which includes all past and future benefits scheduled under current law; and (2) expenditures, which include actual payments for the past plus only the portion of projected program cost that would be payable with the financing provisions in current law.
This chapter presents the estimates and measures of trust fund financial adequacy for the short-range period (2019 through 2028) first, followed by estimates and measures of actuarial status for the long-range period (2019 through 2093). Summary measures are also provided for trust fund status over the infinite horizon. As described in chapter II of this report, these estimates depend upon a broad set of demographic, economic, and programmatic factors. This chapter presents estimates under three sets of assumptions to show a wide range of possible outcomes, because assumptions related to these factors are subject to uncertainty. The intermediate set of assumptions, designated as alternative II, reflects the Trustees’ best estimate of future experience; the low-cost alternative I is significantly more optimistic and the high-cost alternative III is significantly more pessimistic for the trust funds’ future financial outlook. The tables of this report show the intermediate estimates first, followed by the low-cost and high-cost estimates. Chapter V describes these three sets of assumptions, along with the actuarial methods used to produce the estimates. Appendix D and appendix E present two additional methods to illustrate the uncertainty of the projections. Appendix D presents sensitivity analyses of the effects of variation in individual factors and appendix E presents probability distributions generated by a stochastic model.
In this report, the DI Trust Fund reserve depletion date is again extended, as it was for the last three reports. The experience for disability beneficiaries and benefit levels following the last economic recession has not followed expectations, so substantial revisions have been required in the reports of 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019.
In 2014, initial disability applications to the states’ Disability Determination Services (DDS) dropped by 4.3 percent compared to 2013. For the 2015 report, the Trustees assumed that applications would drop by another 1.0 percent in 2015, but the decline was actually 4.8 percent. This larger-than-anticipated decline in applications extended reserve depletion by about one year, in addition to the six-year extension due to the reallocation of tax rates included in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015. Together, these changes extended the DI Trust Fund reserve depletion year from 2016 for the 2015 report to 2023 for the 2016 report. The change in the reserve depletion date due to DI application experience in the 2016 report was relatively modest, because the Trustees had assumed a 9.1 percent rebound in applications for 2016. However, applications instead dropped again in 2016, by 7.1 percent. Largely on this basis, the 2017 report assumed a more gradual rise in applications after the very low level in 2016, with an increase of only 2.6 percent for 2017. This more gradual path resulted in an additional five-year extension of the projected DI reserve depletion date, to 2028 for the 2017 report.
Applications once again dropped in 2017, by 4.1 percent, a yet lower starting point. For the 2018 report, the Trustees assumed a steeper rise in applications and incidence rates in order to reach the unchanged ultimate levels of incidence rates by 2027. Even with this steep rise, applications and incidence rates were lower for much of the first ten years of the projection period. The extension of the reserve depletion date from 2028 to 2032 for the 2018 report owes largely to this further drop in applications in 2017, partially mitigated by the more rapid rebound to the ultimate assumed level.
This year’s projections reflect an additional 4.8 percent drop in disability applications for 2018 compared to 2017. Steady declines in applications since 2010, and the resulting lower levels of disability beneficiaries, have caused the annual cost of the DI program to become much closer to annual income, making the DI Trust Fund reserve depletion date very sensitive to small changes in income and cost. As a result, lower applications in 2018 and a slightly more gradual rise to the ultimate incidence rate have, by themselves, extended the reserve depletion date by 14 years.
In addition, the Trustees have changed the assumed ultimate age-sex-adjusted incidence rate, taking into account long-term averages of incidence rates over multiple economic cycles. The drop in incidence rates since 2010, which is due to many factors including the recent economic recovery and the declining unemployment rate, has lowered long-term average incidence rates. Therefore, the Trustees have reduced the assumed ultimate age-sex-adjusted incidence rate from 5.4 per thousand to 5.2 per thousand exposed, the same incidence rate that had been assumed for the 2008 through 2011 Trustees Reports. This change in the ultimate disability incidence rate added another five years to the reserve depletion date. Finally, restoring the reconsideration step for disability determinations added one more year to the reserve depletion date. The 20‑year increase in the projected reserve depletion date for the DI Trust Fund, from 2032 in last year’s report to 2052 for this report, extends the projected DI depletion date beyond the projected OASI depletion date for the first time since the 1983 Trustees Report.
A. SHORT-RANGE ESTIMATES
The Trustees consider the trust funds to be solvent at any point in time if the funds can pay scheduled benefits in full on a timely basis. A standard measure for assessing solvency is the "trust fund ratio,” which is the reserves in a fund at the beginning of a year (not including advance tax transfers) expressed as a percentage of the cost during the year. A positive trust fund ratio indicates that the trust fund was solvent at the end of the prior year. The trust fund ratio represents the proportion of a year’s cost which the reserves available at the beginning of that year can cover. The Trustees assume that a trust fund ratio of 100 percent of annual program cost provides a reasonable “contingency reserve.” Maintaining a reasonable contingency reserve is important because the trust funds do not have borrowing authority. After reserves are depleted, the trust funds would be unable to pay scheduled benefits in full on a timely basis if annual revenue were less than annual cost. Unexpected events, such as severe economic recessions, can quickly diminish reserves. In such cases, a reasonable contingency reserve can maintain the ability to pay scheduled benefits while giving lawmakers time to address possible changes to the program.
The test of short-range financial adequacy applies to the OASI and DI Trust Funds individually and combined on a hypothetical basis.1 If the estimated trust fund ratio is at least 100 percent at the beginning of the projection period, the test requires that it remain at or above 100 percent throughout the 10-year period. If the ratio is initially less than 100 percent, then it must reach at least 100 percent within 5 years (without reserve depletion at any time during this period) and then remain at or above 100 percent throughout the remainder of the 10-year period. This test is applied using the estimates based on the intermediate assumptions. If either trust fund fails this test, then program solvency in the next 10 years is in question, and lawmakers should take prompt action to improve short-range financial adequacy.
1. Operations of the OASI Trust Fund
This subsection presents estimates, based on the assumptions described in chapter V, of the operations and financial status of the OASI Trust Fund for the period 2019 through 2028. These estimates assume that there are no further changes in the statutory provisions and regulations under which the OASDI program currently operates beyond the changes since last year’s report indicated in section III.B.2.
Estimates of the OASI Trust Fund operations presented in table IV.A1 indicate that the asset reserves of the OASI Trust Fund are projected to decrease in all years after 2019 under the intermediate assumptions, increase in all years after 2018 under the low-cost assumptions, and decrease in all years through 2028 under the high-cost assumptions. Trust fund ratios decline throughout the 10-year projection period under all three sets of assumptions. Based on the intermediate assumptions, the reserves of the OASI Trust Fund continue to exceed 100 percent of annual cost through 2028. Consequently, the OASI Trust Fund satisfies the test of short-range financial adequacy. See figure IV.A1 for an illustration of these results.
Table IV.A1.—Operations of the OASI Trust Fund, Calendar Years 2014-2028 a 
Costb
GF
reim-
burse-
mentsc
Taxa-
tion of
bene-fitsd
Trust
fund
ratio e

a
Appendix A presents a detailed description of the components of income and cost, along with complete historical values.

b
Amounts for 2015 and 2016 are adjusted to include in 2016 operations those benefit payments regularly scheduled in the law to be paid on January 3, 2016, which were actually paid on December 31, 2015 as required by the statutory provision for early benefit payments when the normal delivery date is on a weekend or holiday. Such shifts in payments across calendar years have occurred in the past and will occur periodically in the future whenever January 3rd falls on a Sunday. In order to provide a consistent perspective on trust fund operations over time, all trust fund operations in each year reflect the 12 months of benefits that are regularly scheduled for payment in that year.

c
Includes reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury to the OASI Trust Fund for: (1) the cost of payroll tax credits provided to employees in 1984 and self-employed persons in 1984-89 by Public Law 98-21; (2) the cost in 2009-17 of excluding certain self-employment earnings from SECA taxes under Public Law 110-246; and (3) payroll tax revenue forgone under the provisions of Public Laws 111-147, 111-312, 112-78, and 112-96.

d
Revenue from taxation of benefits is the amount that would be assessed on benefit amounts scheduled in the law.

e
The “Trust fund ratio” column represents reserves at the beginning of a year (which are identical to reserves at the end of the prior year shown in the “Amount at end of year” column) as a percentage of cost for the year.

f
Between -$50 million and $50 million.
Note: Totals do not necessarily equal the sums of rounded components.
 

The estimated income shown in table IV.A1 increases annually under each set of assumptions throughout the short-range projection period. The estimated increases in income result primarily from the projected increases in OASDI taxable payroll. Employment increases in every year through 2028 for all three alternatives, with the exception of small decreases in covered employment in 2021 for the high-cost alternative: the number of covered workers increases under alternatives I, II, and III from 176 million during calendar year 2018 to about 190 million, 186 million, and 182 million, respectively, in 20283. The total annual amount of taxable payroll increases in every year through 2028 for each alternative. Total taxable payroll increases from $7,262 billion in 2018 to $13,639 billion, $11,591 billion, and $9,865 billion in 2028, on the basis of alternatives I, II, and III, respectively.4 These increases in taxable payroll are due primarily to: (1) projected increases in employment levels as the working age population increases; (2) trend increases in average earnings in covered employment (reflecting both real growth and price inflation); (3) increases in the contribution and benefit base under the automatic-adjustment provisions; and (4) growth in employment and average earnings, temporarily higher than trend, as the economy continues to recover from the severe economic downturn that began in late 2007.
Interest earnings contribute to the overall projected level of trust fund income during this period. Interest income declines generally at a slow rate under the intermediate assumptions and much faster under the high-cost assumptions, and increases generally under the low-cost assumptions, due to the net effects of changes in reserve levels and the patterns of projected interest rates. Under the intermediate assumptions, interest also declines as a share of total OASI Trust Fund income reaching 5 percent of total trust fund income for 2028, as compared to 10 percent for 2018.
Rising OASI cost from 2018 through 2028 reflects automatic benefit increases as well as the upward trend in the number of beneficiaries and in the average monthly earnings underlying benefits. The steady growth in the number of OASI beneficiaries in the past and the expected future growth result both from the increase in the aged population and from the increase in the proportion of the population that is eligible for benefits.
The Treasury invests OASI income in financial securities, generally special public-debt obligations of the U.S. Government. The revenue used to make these purchases flows to the General Fund of the Treasury. The trust fund earns interest on these securities, and the Treasury invests the proceeds from maturing securities in new securities if not immediately needed to pay program costs. Program expenditures require the redemption of trust fund securities, generally prior to maturity, to cover the payments made by the General Fund of the Treasury on behalf of the trust fund.5
2. Operations of the DI Trust Fund
Table IV.A2 shows the estimated operations and financial status of the DI Trust Fund during calendar years 2019 through 2028 under the three sets of assumptions, together with values for actual experience during 2014 through 2018. Non-interest income for DI was much higher in 2016 through 2018 than in 2015, due to the temporary payroll tax rate reallocation from OASI to DI in these years. For 2019, non-interest income is less than DI cost. Non-interest income increases steadily thereafter under each alternative, with the exception of a small decrease in 2020 under the high-cost assumptions, due to most of the same factors described previously for the OASI Trust Fund beginning on page 42.  DI cost grows steadily throughout the period under each alternative. Under the intermediate assumptions, reserves decline through 2020, then increase through 2028. Under the high-cost assumptions, DI reserves decline after 2018 until depletion in the first quarter of 2025. Under the low-cost assumptions, reserves increase throughout the short-range projection period except for a small decrease in 2019.
Taxa-
tion of
benefitsd

a
The DI Trust Fund reserves become depleted in the first quarter of 2025 under the high-cost assumptions. For any period during which reserves would be depleted, scheduled benefits could not be paid in full on a timely basis, income from taxing benefits would be less than would apply to scheduled benefits, and interest on trust fund reserves would be negligible. Appendix A presents a detailed description of the components of income and cost, along with complete historical values.

b
Amounts for 2015 and 2016 are adjusted to include in 2016 operations those benefit payments regularly scheduled in the law to be paid on January 3, 2016, which were actually paid on December 31, 2015 as required by the statutory provision for early benefit payments when the normal delivery date is on a weekend or holiday. Such shifts in payments across calendar years have occurred in the past and will occur periodically in the future whenever January 3rd falls on a Sunday. In order to provide a consistent perspective on trust fund operations over time, all trust fund operations in each year reflect the 12 months of benefits that are regularly scheduled for payment in that year.

c
Includes reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury to the DI Trust Fund for: (1) the cost of payroll tax credits provided to employees in 1984 and self-employed persons in 1984-89 by Public Law 98-21; (2) the cost in 2009-17 of excluding certain self-employment earnings from SECA taxes under Public Law 110‑246; and (3) payroll tax revenue forgone under the provisions of Public Laws 111-147, 111-312, 112-78, and 112-96.

d
Revenue from taxation of benefits is the amount that would be assessed on benefit amounts scheduled in the law.

e
The “Trust fund ratio” column represents reserves at the beginning of a year (which are identical to reserves at the end of the prior year shown in the “Amount at end of year” column) as a percentage of cost for the year.

f
Between -$50 million and $50 million.

g
While the fund is depleted, values under current law would reflect permissible expenditures only, which would be less than the cost of scheduled benefits shown in this table.
Note: Totals do not necessarily equal the sums of rounded components.

For the future, DI cost is projected to increase in part due to increases in average benefit levels resulting from: (1) automatic benefit increases and (2) projected increases in the amounts of average monthly earnings on which benefits are based. Future changes in DI cost also reflect changes in the number of DI beneficiaries in current-payment status. In 2018, the number of DI beneficiaries in current-payment status continued the declining trend of the prior four years. Under the intermediate assumptions, that number of DI beneficiaries is projected to drop further through the end of 2021, then increase through the remainder of the short-range projection period. The rate of increase after 2021 is much slower than was experienced on average from 1990 to 2010, when the population with the highest disability prevalence rates was growing rapidly due to the aging of the baby-boom generation. See section V.C.5 for further details.
At the beginning of calendar year 2018, the reserves of the DI Trust Fund represented 49 percent of annual cost. During 2018, DI income substantially exceeded cost due to the 2016-18 reallocation of the payroll tax rate from OASI to DI, and the estimated trust fund ratio for the beginning of 2019 increased to about 65 percent. Under the intermediate assumptions, DI total cost is projected to exceed income in 2019 and 2020, causing reserves to decrease. Thereafter, income exceeds total cost and trust fund reserves steadily increase through the remainder of the short-range projection period.
Because the reserves of the DI Trust Fund at the beginning of 2019 were less than the estimated annual cost for 2019, and are projected to remain below annual cost throughout the short-range period under the intermediate assumptions, the DI Trust Fund fails the Trustees’ test of short-range financial adequacy.
3. Operations of the Combined OASI and DI Trust Funds
Table IV.A3 shows the estimated operations and status of the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds for calendar years 2019 through 2028 under the three alternatives, together with actual experience in 2014 through 2018. Income and cost for the OASI Trust Fund represent over 80 percent of the corresponding amounts for the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds. Therefore, based on the relative strength of the OASI Trust Fund over the next 10 years, the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds would have sufficient financial resources to pay all scheduled benefits through the end of the short-range period, although it is important to note that under current law, one trust fund cannot share financial resources with another trust fund. In addition, the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds would satisfy the test of short-range financial adequacy.
Table IV.A3.—Operations of the Combined OASI and DI Trust Funds,
Calendar Years 2014-2028a 
GF
reim-
burse-
mentsc
Taxa-
tion
of bene-fitsd
Trust
fund
ratio e

a
Appendix A presents a detailed description of the components of income and cost, along with complete historical values.

b
Amounts for 2015 and 2016 are adjusted to include in 2016 operations those benefit payments regularly scheduled in the law to be paid on January 3, 2016, which were actually paid on December 31, 2015 as required by the statutory provision for early benefit payments when the normal delivery date is on a weekend or holiday. Such shifts in payments across calendar years have occurred in the past and will occur periodically in the future whenever January 3rd falls on a Sunday. In order to provide a consistent perspective on trust fund operations over time, all trust fund operations in each year reflect the 12 months of benefits that are regularly scheduled for payment in that year.

c
Includes reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury to the OASI and DI Trust Funds for: (1) the cost of payroll tax credits provided to employees in 1984 and self-employed persons in 1984-89 by Public Law 98-21; (2) the cost in 2009‑17 of excluding certain self-employment earnings from SECA taxes under Public Law 110-246; and (3) payroll tax revenue forgone under the provisions of Public Laws 111-147, 111-312, 112-78, and 112-96.

d
Revenue from taxation of benefits is the amount that would be assessed on benefit amounts scheduled in the law.

e
The “Trust fund ratio” column represents reserves at the beginning of a year (which are identical to reserves at the end of the prior year shown in the “Amount at end of year” column) as a percentage of cost for the year.

f
Between -$50 million and $50 million.
Note: Totals do not necessarily equal the sums of rounded components.

4. Factors Underlying Changes in 10-Year Trust Fund Ratio Estimates From Last Year’s Report
Table IV.A4 presents an analysis of the factors underlying the changes in the intermediate estimates over the short-range projection period for the OASI, DI, and the combined funds from last year’s report to this report.
In the 2018 report under the intermediate assumptions, the trust fund ratio for OASI reached 154 percent at the beginning of 2027— the tenth projection year for that report. The change in the short-range valuation period alone, from 2018 through 2027 to 2019 through 2028, lowered the estimated trust fund ratio for the tenth year by 19 percentage points, to 135 percent. All other changes to reflect modifications in law and regulations since last year’s report, the most recent data, adjustments to the assumptions for future years, and changes in projection methods combined for a net increase in the ratio for the tenth projection year of 3 percentage points. Therefore, the total change in the tenth year projected trust fund ratio from last year’s report to this year’s report is a reduction of 16 percentage points to 138 percent.
Legislative and regulatory changes since the 2018 report was published did not have a significant effect on the projected tenth year OASI trust fund ratio. Changes in demographic assumptions over the short-range period increased the projected tenth year trust fund ratio for OASI by 3 percentage points. Several relatively small changes in economic data and assumptions combined to cause a net reduction in the OASI trust fund ratio of 1 percentage point by the beginning of 2028. Incorporating recent programmatic data resulted in an increase of 1 percentage point in the tenth year OASI trust fund ratio. Finally, the tenth year trust fund ratio was not affected significantly by changes in the short-range methodology for this report.
Table IV.A4 also shows corresponding estimates of the factors underlying the changes in the financial projections for the DI Trust Fund and for the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds.
The 48-percentage-point increase in the DI trust fund ratio from the beginning of 2027 in last year’s report to the beginning of 2028 in this year’s report is the net effect of increases and decreases from the factors described above for the OASI Trust Fund, combined with a large increase of 50 points due to programmatic data and assumptions. This increase reflects lower estimated disabled-worker incidence rates throughout the short-range projection period, incorporating both more favorable recent experience and the lower ultimate disabled-worker incidence rate assumption in this report. Disability applications have been declining steadily since 2010, and the total number of disabled-worker beneficiaries in current payment status has been falling since 2014. In last year’s report, the number of disabled-worker beneficiaries was projected to remain essentially the same at 8.7 million from the end of 2017 to the end of 2018. In fact, the number dropped to around 8.5 million by the end of 2018. For this report, the ultimate disability incidence rate assumption has been lowered from 5.4 to 5.2 awards per thousand exposed population. This year’s report has lower incidence rates throughout the short-range period, and a more gradual rise from recent low levels to the new ultimate DI incidence rate by the end of the short-range period. In addition, the policy change reinstating the reconsideration step in the DI adjudication process in the ten states where this step had previously been eliminated increased the tenth year DI Trust Fund ratio by 2 percentage points.

a
Between -0.5 and 0.5 percent.

Note: Totals do not necessarily equal the sums of rounded components.

1
The OASI and DI Trust Funds are distinct legal entities which operate independently. To illustrate the actuarial status of the program as a whole, the fund operations are often combined on a hypothetical basis.

2
The estimates shown in this subsection reflect 12 months of scheduled benefits in each year of the short-range projection period. In practice, the actual payment dates have at times shifted over calendar year boundaries as a result of the statutory requirement for early delivery of benefit payments when the normal check delivery date is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday.

3
See table IV.B3.

4
See table VI.G6.

5
For an explanation of the interrelationship between the Medicare and Social Security trust funds and the overall Federal budget, see appendix F of the 2019 Medicare Trustees Report.


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