2013 Annual Report of the SSI Program

G. RESEARCH ON RELATED TOPICS

The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about “relevant research on the SSI program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others.” Section 1 of this appendix describes major ongoing projects. Section 2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payment levels, recipients, and reform proposals published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities.

1. Ongoing Research

a. SSI Policy Simulations

Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data matched to administrative records, SSA researchers have developed a model of financial eligibility for SSI to estimate the rate of participation among the eligible elderly and the effects of various options to modify the SSI program (see Davies et al. 2001/2002). The model suggests that the rate of participation among the eligible elderly was about 62 percent in 1991. The comparable participation rate estimate at the end of 1996 was also 62 percent. An updated version of the model uses the 2004 SIPP matched to administrative records.

We used the model to simulate the potential effects of several approaches to expand the SSI program to fight poverty among the elderly. Approaches focusing on incremental changes in the Federal benefit rate, the general income exclusion, and the resources test appear roughly equally effective in reducing the poverty gap among the elderly on a cost-equivalent basis, while two approaches focusing on relaxing the earned income exclusion are less effective (Davies, Rupp, and Strand, 2004). More recently, we expanded the model to address SSI participation and financial eligibility among the working-age disabled and to assess SSI benefit restructuring options for the entire SSI population. The working-aged model allows for the identification of working-aged persons by their SSI financial eligibility status, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) insured status, and participation in both programs. We used the expanded model to assess SSI’s role in complementing SSDI and enhancing the safety net for the working-aged population (Rupp, Davies, and Strand, 2008). We simulated the effects of several approaches to changing in-kind support and maintenance rules and options for altering the calculation of the Federal benefit rate for certain living arrangement categories (Balkus et al. 2009). We also studied eligibility for Medicare buy-in programs with the financial eligibility model (see Rupp and Sears 2000; Sears 2001/2002). In unpublished internal research, we used the model to estimate the size of the population potentially eligible for the Medicare Part D low income subsidy.

b. National Survey of SSI Children and Families

The National Survey of SSI Children and Families (NSCF) addressed a number of agency policy and program objectives. One objective was to address issues specifically pertaining to the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (welfare reform). However, the survey as designed is useful for the study of a broader range of issues of current interest to policy makers. Most importantly, it allows for the analysis of a nationally representative cross-section of SSI beneficiary children aged 0-17 and young adults aged 18-23. Among the questions the survey answers are the following:

•	What are the characteristics of SSI children?

•	What alternative sources of care are available to disabled children who lose SSI benefits?

•	How is quality of life and utilization of medical services impacted by gaining or losing SSI benefits?

•	What is the cost of caring for a child with disabilities?

•	What are the uses of SSI benefits?

•	What is the impact of the nature and severity of the child’s disabilities on parental labor force participation?

The NSCF data collection began July 2001 and concluded June 2002. The NSCF sample size was considerably larger for SSI children and young adults than the sample size available in other surveys. Altogether, the NSCF includes 8,535 completed interviews, including 5,006 who received SSI benefits in December 2000 and 5,033 who received SSI benefits in December 1996. The NSCF public-use data file and documentation is available on our website at www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/nscf.htm. Davies and Rupp (2005/2006) provides an overview of the survey and describes some key features. We discuss other analyses using these data in section c below. Although it was a cross-sectional data collection effort, we continue to update the match between NSCF and SSI administrative records with longitudinal data on SSI program participation.

c. Analytic Studies

A number of studies by SSA researchers provide a better understanding of the SSI program, the elderly and disabled target populations, program interactions, and the role of the SSI program in the United States social safety net. Koenig and Rupp (2003/2004) estimates the prevalence of households and families with multiple SSI recipients and provides an assessment of the poverty status of multirecipient households. In 2003 and again in 2005, SSA provided funding for interviewing supplemental samples of SSI and SSDI beneficiaries to increase the SIPP sample size available for analyses of these target groups. DeCesaro and Hemmeter (2008) examines the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants using the 2003 supplemental sample combined with the 2001 SIPP, both matched to administrative records. Ongoing research by Stegman and Hemmeter will update this research note using the 2008 SIPP matched to 2010 administrative records to examine the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants. Rupp and Davies (2004) tracks survey respondents from the 1984 SIPP for 14 years using administrative records on SSI and SSDI participation and death events to assess the relationship between self-reported health status, disabilities, mortality, and participation in the SSI and SSDI programs. Weathers et al. (2007) uses a unique longitudinal dataset based on administrative data from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) linked to SSA administrative records to conduct a case study of SSI children who applied for postsecondary education at NTID. Another study uses SSA administrative records from August 2005 through August 2007 to analyze SSI recipients who lived in counties and parishes affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (Davies and Hemmeter 2010). Hemmeter (2009) examines the occupational distribution of SSI disability recipients aged 18-61 who work. Hemmeter and Gilby (2009) analyzes age-18 redetermination outcomes for SSI youth, including appeals of initial cessations and subsequent reapplications for benefits after a period of ineligibility, while Hemmeter (2012) looks at changes in diagnostic codes following the age-18 redetermination. Another ongoing research study examines the subsequent participation in the SSDI and SSI programs by individuals whose eligibility for those programs ceased through a continuing disability review because of medical improvements. Rupp (2012) analyzes factors affecting initial disability allowance rates for the SSDI and SSI programs and finds that demographic and diagnostic characteristics of applicants and the local unemployment rate substantially affect the initial allowance rate.

Using data from the Current Population Survey matched to SSA administrative records, Nicholas and Wiseman (2009) assesses the impact of using administrative records on poverty estimation among elderly SSI recipients using the official and alternative definitions of poverty. Wiseman and Ycas (2008) compares the Canadian social assistance program for the elderly with the SSI program, looking at program structure, cost and consequences for elderly poverty rates. Kemp (2010) conducts a descriptive analysis of the SSI student earned income exclusion. One ongoing study is examining the growth in SSI applications and awards among children. Another ongoing study is looking at SSI children by year of award and age at award and analyzing transitions (onto SSDI, off SSDI and SSI, mortality) as they age into adulthood. Rene Parent, Incigul Sayman and Kevin Kulzer published a Social Security research and Statistical note entitled, “Profile of Social Security Disabled Workers and Dependents Who Have a Connection to Workers’ Compensation or Public Disability Benefits” (No. 2012-03 (released September 2012)). This note provides a comprehensive profile of the characteristics of disability beneficiaries with a connection to workers’ compensation or public disability benefits. Parent et al. (2012) found that 8.3 percent of disabled workers who have this connection tend to be economically better off, more frequently middle-aged, male, afflicted with a musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder, and tend to wait longer to apply for social security disability benefits after onset than the general disabled-worker population.

Several studies focus on the distributional effects of the SSI program through its interactions with other Federal and State programs. One on-going study is utilizing longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to assess the role of SSI and related social safety net programs in providing a buffer against the potentially adverse effects of disability shocks in the near-elderly population on financial well-being. Rupp et al. (2008) provides an empirical analysis of the SSI Federal benefit rate for assessing benefit adequacy among elderly Social Security beneficiaries and the effectiveness of the SSI benefit eligibility screens for targeting economically vulnerable elderly beneficiaries. Balkus et al. (2009) examines the distributional effects of replacing current policies on living arrangements and in-kind support with a simpler, cost neutral alternative. Rupp and Strand (2007) highlights the distributional implications of Social Security reform scenarios involving a potential shift from wage indexing to price indexing or longevity indexing in the establishment of initial benefits. Strand (2010) uses matched SIPP records to examine potential eligibility for three major means-tested programs (SSI, Medicaid, and Food Stamp) among near retirees aged 55 to 64 and eventual SSI participation upon reaching age 65. Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008) finds that over one-third of the working-age population is covered by SSI in the event of a severe disability, which provides disability benefit coverage to many who are not SSDI-insured and enhances the potential bundle of disability cash benefits among a substantial segment of those who are SSDI-insured.

On-going work and previously published papers by Rupp and Riley are based on a linkage of individual-level administrative data from SSA and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. First, Rupp and Riley (2011) analyzes longitudinal patterns of interaction between SSDI and SSI and finds that one quarter of the year 2000 cohort of first-ever working-age disability awardees received benefits from both programs over a 60-month period. A second paper (Rupp and Riley, 2012) analyzes the effect of longitudinal interactions between the SSDI and SSI programs in providing access to Medicare and Medicaid, and finds that SSI facilitates high levels of Medicaid coverage for SSI awardees overall and provides access to Medicaid for many SSDI awardees during the 24-month Medicare waiting period. A third paper (Riley and Rupp, 2012) tracks expenditures for 2000-2006 for the SSDI, SSI, Medicare and Medicaid programs and finds that SSI is a relatively low expenditure program with important implications for the other three programs. The authors conclude that SSI and Medicaid provide a temporary safety net supporting SSDI beneficiaries during their SSDI and Medicare waiting periods. Ongoing work by the authors focuses on estimated cumulative expenditure patterns over the working-age adult portion of the life cycle for the year 2000 awardees for the four programs (SSDI, SSI, Medicare and Medicaid). Other on-going research using the same data set analyzes whether disability benefit recipients (SSDI and SSI) in States with easier access to health insurance will be more likely to work and exit from SSDI and/or SSI than their peers in states where health insurance is more difficult to access.

Wamhoff and Wiseman (2005/2006) examines the financial consequences of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)-to-SSI transfers and develops new estimates of both the prevalence of receipt of SSI benefits among families receiving cash assistance from TANF and the proportion of new SSI awards that go to adults and children residing in families receiving TANF-related benefits. Trenkamp and Wiseman (2007) addresses the connections between the SSI and Food Stamp programs. Meijer, Karoly, and Michaud (2009, 2010) analyzes eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy, which relies on a simplified SSI methodology.

A number of studies utilize the NSCF to focus on children and young adults receiving SSI. Rupp et al. (2005/2006) presents highlights from the survey characterizing SSI children with disabilities and their families. Hemmeter (2011) analyzes the unmet health care needs of SSI children after the age-18 redetermination. Additional research studies employment and caregiving patterns of parents of SSI children (Rupp and Ressler 2009), examines employment and program outcomes among young adults after their eligibility redetermination at age 18 (Hemmeter, Kauff, and Wittenburg 2009), and analyzes factors affecting out-of-pocket medical expenses and unmet health care needs of disabled children (DeCesaro and Hemmeter 2009). These papers appear in a special issue of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (volume 30, number 3, 2009) devoted to SSI children and young adults and the transition to adulthood. The special issue also includes a paper that introduces the issue and examines the life-cycle human capital development and longer-term SSI and earnings outcomes of SSI youth as they transition to adulthood (Davies, Rupp, and Wittenburg 2009), as well as two papers that focus on SSA’s Youth Transition Demonstration (Fraker and Rangarajan 2009; Luecking and Wittenburg 2009). The articles from the special issue are available on SSA’s web site at www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/JVR.html. Camacho and Hemmeter (2013) summarize the findings from two earlier Youth Transition Demonstration projects.

d. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work (TTW) Program

The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 requires the Commissioner of Social Security to provide independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the TTW program. We are conducting all TTW evaluation reports through an independent evaluation contractor, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Papers from all seven TTW reports are available on Social Security Online at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/twe_reports.htm.

One of the foundations of the evaluation is an annual research file, the Disability Analysis File (DAF). The DAF was previously called the Ticket Research File. The DAF contains the agency's disparate administrative data resources for all beneficiaries age 10 to full retirement age who have received disability cash benefits from the SSI, OASDI, or both programs since 1996. We initially produced the DAF to support the TTW evaluation, and researchers now use it for a wide array of disability-related research.

A second foundation of the TTW evaluation is the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS). In the NBS, we collect information that is not available from our administrative records from a representative sample of SSI and OASDI disability beneficiaries. Key items of interest in the NBS include work attitudes and work-related activities, health and functional status, education, access to health insurance, household composition, and sources of income. We implemented the first four rounds between 2004 and 2010, but delayed the fourth round of the NBS survey to observe the 2008 changes to the TTW program. We will conduct three additional rounds in 2014, 2016, and 2018.

Our TTW evaluation contractor is currently completing its analyses for the seventh TTW evaluation report. Three papers for this report are complete, and our contractor will complete the remaining reports in fiscal year 2013. In the first completed report, we updated Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) project activities and examined the outcomes achieved by WIPA enrollees following their enrollment. We found that 70 percent of beneficiaries who enrolled in WIPA services between October 2009 and March 2010 were employed or actively seeking employment at the time of enrollment. Fifty-five percent of these beneficiaries had earnings at some point during the 9 to 15 months following service entry, and about 16 percent experienced a reduction in Social Security disability benefits because of earnings during at least one month in the nine-month period following WIPA program entry. We also found that receipt of more intensive WIPA services (as measured by hours of service) was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of using our work incentives; having earnings in 2010; experiencing an increase in earnings between 2009 and 2010; and having benefits suspended or terminated because of earnings during at least one month between WIPA program entry and the end of December 2010.

In the second completed paper from the seventh report, we examined the longer-term changes in the TTW program following our implementation of the 2008 regulations. Since that time, we find the number of beneficiaries served under the milestone-outcome payment system has increased markedly and has continued to grow. We also find that the proportion of employment networks (ENs) that are actively taking Tickets has nearly doubled, from 28 percent in July 2008 to 52 percent in December 2010 as we have focused on limiting the pool of ENs to those that have the potential to be actively involved in the program and to promote its goals. However, beneficiary participation rates in TTW have increased only slightly since the introduction of the revised regulations, and Partnership Plus cases (where the State VR agency serves the beneficiary and then hands them off to an EN for long-term case management) make up a tiny proportion of all Ticket assignments. The increase in milestone-outcome assignments, particularly at a time when assignments to the other payment systems were stagnant, suggests that we were successful in making milestone-outcome more enticing to both ENs and State VR agencies.

In the third completed paper from the seventh report, we present the sampling design and data collection activities for Round 4 (2010) of the NBS. It also provides descriptive statistics on working-age individuals receiving SSI and SSDI, based on the nationally representative sample from the 2010 NBS. This paper updates the descriptive statistics from the appendices to earlier TTW evaluation reports. We do not analyze the NBS data, but rather provide a data resource to support the analyses conducted in other papers for the seventh report.

Other researchers and policy analysts within the agency and at other Federal agencies and academic institutions, use the DAF and the NBS for general disability research and analysis not limited to TTW participants. Examples of these papers include: interactions between SSDI and SSI for new beneficiaries with disabilities (Longitudinal Patterns of Participation in the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs for People with Disabilities, by Kalman Rupp and Gerald F. Riley); the differences in employment outcomes between young participants (ages 18 to 30) with psychiatric disabilities versus young participants with other disabilities (Employment Experiences of Young Medicaid Buy-In Participants with Psychiatric Disabilities, by Jody Schimmel, Su Liu, and Sarah Croake); and work activities and employment outcomes for our beneficiaries with disabilities in seven articles in a special issue of the Social Security Bulletin (Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 71 No. 3).

e. Homeless Outreach Projects and Evaluation (HOPE)

In 2004, we awarded funds to 41 service providers nationwide to provide outreach services to people who are homeless. We trained these service providers and gave them training materials so they could help individuals who are homeless with our disability application process. In October 2007, Westat, the evaluation contractor, released the final evaluation report. We are currently conducting a longitudinal evaluation of HOPE. Findings from this analysis will be available later in 2013.

f. Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD)

The YTD established partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youths age 14-25 who receive (or could receive) SSI or OASDI payments based on their own disability. The YTD projects included ser­vice delivery systems and a broad array of services and supports to assist youth with disabilities in their transition from school to employment and to help them gain economic self-sufficiency.

YTD began in 2003, with seven projects in six States. In 2007, we piloted new projects in five States, choosing three new projects in Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia. These three projects joined three (Colorado and two New York) of the original seven projects in a random assignment study. This study will produce the first evaluation of the empirical evidence of the effects of youth transition programs and modified SSI work incentives.

The modified SSI program rules that we tested under the YTD included five elements.

•	Despite the finding of a continuing disability review or an age-18 medical redetermination that an individual is no longer eligible for benefits, we continued paying benefits for as long as the individual continued to be a YTD participant.

•	The student earned income exclusion (section 1612(b)(1) of the Social Security Act (Act)), which normally applies only to students who are age 21 or younger, applied to all participants who met school attendance requirements.

•	The general earned-income exclusions (section 1612(b)(4) of the Act) permit the exclusion of $65 plus half of what an individual earns in excess of $65. For the YTD, we excluded the first $65 plus three-fourths of any additional earnings.

•	We extended the SSI program’s treatment of federally supported Individual Development Accounts (IDA) to IDAs that do not involve federal funds.

•

Ordinarily, a plan to achieve self-support (PASS) must specify an employment goal that refers to getting a particular kind of job or starting a particular business. For the YTD, we approved an otherwise satisfactory PASS that had either career exploration or postsecondary education as its goal. Income and assets that an individual used for PASS expenses did not count when we determined SSI eligibility and payment amount.

The YTD projects in Colorado and New York ended in 2010. The Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia projects ended in 2012. The 12-month, post-random-assignment reports for all the sites are finalized and have been released to the public. A comprehensive final report of the six random assignment projects is due in August 2014.

The YTD projects in the Bronx, West Virginia, and Florida had a positive effect on employment during the first year after random assignment. The Miami and West Virginia YTD programs also had positive impacts on youth income. Program group members in Miami earned an average of $895 during the year after they entered the evaluation, which was $306 more than control group members earned, a difference of 52 percent. Youth in the West Virginia program group earned an average of $1,559 in the year after they entered the evaluation, which was 50 percent more than the $1,035 earned by control group members. In both sites, the average total income (earnings plus disability benefits) of program group members during the year after entering the evaluation exceeded that of control group members.

The 12-month reports for the three Phase 2 projects also indicate that treatment group participants are receiving more employment-promoting services, benefits counseling and are more likely to use work incentives than the control group.

These research findings will help us assess the implications of such impacts for the Social Security trust funds and Federal income tax revenues.

g. TANF/SSI Disability Transition Project

Both welfare agencies and the federal disability system seek to support low-income people with disabilities and help them become more independent. However, the two systems often have differing missions and organization, definitions of disability, operational and financial issues, and work rules and incentives, making it challenging for the TANF and SSI programs to work together. TANF clients who apply for SSI may confront conflicting messages from TANF agencies regarding work requirements and benefit eligibility. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) and Social Security Advisory Board recommended that SSA and the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) work together to address serious concerns in Congress among stakeholders that the TANF and SSI lacked the coordination necessary to serve the public effectively and efficiently.

In response to these concerns, and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the TANF and SSI populations and programs, our Office of Program Development and Research and ACF launched the TANF-SSI Disability Transition Project in October 2008. Working with ACF, TANF agencies in California, Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York, select counties in these States, and the evaluation firm MDRC, we are analyzing program data, examining State and county program coordination, and pilot-testing program innovations for TANF clients with disabilities. SSA, ACF, TANF agencies, and low-income individuals with disabilities and their families would benefit from more effective and efficient services—moving toward employment when possible, making informed decisions about applying for SSI, receiving SSI as quickly as possible if eligible, and reducing administrative costs. The project will conclude in 2013 with final reports on data analysis, program coordination, pilot test observations, and options for a larger demonstration project that builds on these findings.

h. Occupational Information System (OIS)

We require information about work in the national economy in order to decide whether the majority of claimants are eligible for disability benefits according to our policy. The information must include a broad range of occupations that are widely available in the U.S. economy and descriptions of the physical and mental requirements of these occupations. For almost 50 years, we have relied upon the Department of Labor's (DOL) Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and its companion volume, the Selected Characteristics of Occupations, as our sources of occupational information, but the DOL stopped updating these resources about 20 years ago, and the information is becoming obsolete. The DOL replaced the DOT with the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), but our research found that its descriptions of the physical demands of work do not conform to our policy requirements. We researched other existing OIS, but could not identify one that meets our unique disability adjudication needs.

We signed an interagency agreement with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for part of fiscal year 2012 and all of fiscal year 2013 to test the feasibility of using the National Compensation Survey platform to collect updated occupational information that we can use under our current policy. The occupational data the BLS is collecting includes critical information about exertional and nonexertional job requirements, a measurement of how long workers typically take to become proficient in jobs (similar to Specific Vocational Preparation in the DOT) and the environmental factors to which workers are exposed. The BLS is conducting the data collection testing in three phases and has successfully completed the first two. Phase three will be completed by the end of the fiscal year. At the completion of each test phase, BLS evaluates results, issues a report to us, and meets with us to discuss issues. The BLS then modifies the data collection protocol based on their analysis and their discussions with us. Each test phase will expand the number and variety of occupations sampled, and BLS will train additional BLS field economists for each phase in preparation for production data collection.

We are also working with the DOL's Employment and Training Administration (ETA) to research whether it is possible to incorporate elements of O*NET with the BLS data to form our new OIS. In September 2012, we held an introductory meeting with ETA staff. Although O*NET does not describe physical job demands at the level of detail our program requires, we believe that we can use elements of O*NET in disability adjudication. We plan to continue meeting with the ETA staff.

In April, we formed a workgroup to develop a small list of data elements that will describe the mental and cognitive demands of jobs in order to facilitate uniformity in deciding claims with mental allegations. Workgroup members include contracted psychological and psychiatric consultants from the Office of Medical and Vocational Expertise, disability policy experts from SSA stakeholder components, and representatives from BLS and ETA. By the end of the fiscal year, the workgroup will make a recommendation, and the BLS could begin testing collecting of the mental/cognitive data elements in fiscal year 2014.

i. Homeless with Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability (HSPD) Pilot Demonstration

In the HSPD Pilot Demonstration, we are partnering with clinicians and case managers in California from the Health Services Agencies of San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties, the Department of Public Health of the City of San Francisco, and the Department of Mental Health of Los Angeles County who are actively engaged in assisting their patients to navigate the SSI application process. We believe that they have established relationships with patients who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who are also known to be homeless. The goal is to improve the economic well-being of adult applicants who are homeless and have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. There are two main features of the program. We have developed the Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form for clinicians to complete, which certifies that the medical evidence establishes that the applicant’s mental impairment meets the severity of Listing 12.03 Schizophrenic, Paranoid and Other Psychotic Disorders. The clinicians and case managers submit the form, along with the supporting medical evidence, as well as assist with completing the online and paper applications for SSI benefits.

The second feature of the pilot demonstration is that we will pay up to six months of SSI payments to the applicant based on presumptive disability (PD), which will provide economic relief to the applicant while we gather the medical evidence and process the necessary application to make a formal finding of disability. Applicants are not required to pay back PD SSI payments if we ultimately deny their applications, as long as we did not deny the applications for nonmedical reasons. There must be a high degree of probability that the applicant is disabled when we confer PD SSI payments. Our field offices generally make PD findings only for specific disability categories, which do not include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. This pilot demonstration allows us to create special units in our San Francisco, Santa Cruz, and certain Los Angeles field offices to make PD findings for applicants who are homeless, have a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and whose application includes a Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form completed by an acceptable medical source certifying the diagnosis and the severity of the applicant’s impairment.

In our evaluation of the demonstration, we will examine whether the program improves the administration of the SSI application and determination process. We will also examine whether providing the application assistance and the PD improves outcomes for individuals who are homeless and who have schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

We began fielding the pilot in spring 2012. The community partners have since identified 58 individuals to assist with the SSI application process. All but one of these applicants received presumptive disability payments. Of the 58 applicants, 41 received favorable determinations that they are eligible for SSI, 15 are awaiting their determinations, one was denied for immigration reasons, and one was ineligible for the PD, but eligible for SSI.

2. Bibliography of Recent Publications

Altshuler, Norma, Sarah Prenovitz, Bonnie O’Day, and Gina Livermore. “Provider Experiences Under the Revised Ticket to Work Regulations.” Final Report: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Council on Children with Disabilities. “Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for Children and Youth with Disabilities.” Pediatrics 124, 6 (December 2009): 1702-1709.

Aron, Laudan Y. and Pamela Loprest. Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2007.

Autor, David, Amitabh Chandra, and Mark Duggan. Public Health Expenditures on the Working Age Disabled: Assessing Medicare and Medicaid Utilization of SSDI and SSI Recipients. National Bureau of Economic Research SSA Project No. NB09-08, September 2011.

Balkus, Richard, L. Scott Muller, Mark Nadel, and Michael Wiseman. “The Challenge of Growth: Public Disability Benefits in the United States.” In Sick Societies? Trends in Disability Benefits in Post-Industrial Welfare States, edited by Peter A. Kemp, Annika Sunden, and Bernhard Bakker Tauritz. Geneva, Switzerland: International Social Security Association, 2006.

Balkus, Richard, James Sears, Susan Wilschke, and Bernard Wixon. “Simplifying the Supplemental Security Income Program: Options for Eliminating the Counting of In-Kind Support and Maintenance.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 4 (2009): 1-25.

Balkus, Richard and Susan Wilschke. “Annual Wage Trends for Supplemental Security Income Recipients.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 2 (2003/2004): 49-58.

Battaglia, Carol. “SSI and Medicaid Recipients Have a Responsibility to Report Changes that Can Affect Benefits.” Exceptional Parent 37, 2 (February 2007): 47-48.

Benitez-Silva, Hugo, Moshe Buchinsky, and John Rust. How Large are the Classification Errors in the Social Security Disability Award Process? National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 10219, January 2004.

Ben-Shalom, Yonatan, and David Stapleton. The Work Experiences of New SSI Beneficiaries: A Longitudinal Perspective. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-06. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. November 2012.

Ben-Shalom, Yonatan, David Stapleton, Dawn Phelps, and Maura Bardos. Longitudinal Statistics for New Supplemental Security Income Beneficiaries. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. November 2012.

Berry, Hugh G. and Leslie J. Caplan. “Employment and Earnings Growth Among Transition-Age Supplemental Security Income Program Participants.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21, 3 (December 2010): 152-159.

Berry, Hugh G., Michael Ward, and Leslie Caplan. “Self-Determination and Access to Postsecondary Education in Transitioning Youths Receiving Supplemental Security Income Benefits.” Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 35, 2 (2012): 68-75.

Bond, Gary R, Haiyi Xie, and Robert E. Drake. “Can SSDI and SSI Beneficiaries with Mental Illness Benefit from Evidence-Based Supported Employment?” Psychiatric Services 58, 11 (November 2007): 1412-1420.

Burkhauser, Richard V. and Mary C. Daly. The Declining Work and Welfare of People with Disabilities: What Went Wrong and a Strategy for Change. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2011.

________. The Returns to Work for Children Leaving the SSI-Disabled Children Program. Financial Literacy Center Working Paper No. WR-802-SSA, A Joint Center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School, October 2010.

________. Testing Education Tools to Demonstrate Returns to Work for Children Aging Out of the SSI-Disabled Children Program. Financial Literacy Center Working Paper No. WR-896-SSA, A Joint Center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School, November 2011.

Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, and Philip R. de Jong. Curing the Dutch Disease: Lessons for United States Disability Policy. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2008-188, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2008.

________. The Role of Disability Transfer Programs on the Economic Well Being of Working-Age People with Disabilities. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. UM08-Q2, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, October 2008.

Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, Jeff Larrimore, and Joyce Kwok. The Transformation of Who is Expected to Work in the United States and How it Changed the Lives of Single Mothers and People with Disabilities. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2008-187, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2008.

Camacho, Christa Bucks, and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Linking Youth Transition Support Services: Results from Two Demonstration Projects.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 1 (2013): 59-71.

Chatterji, Pinka and Ellen Meara. Health and Labor Market Consequences of Eliminating Federal Disability Benefits for Substance Abusers. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13407, September 2007.

Coe, Norma B. and Matthew S. Rutledge. What is the Long-Term Impact of Zebley on Adult and Child Outcomes? Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2013-3, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. January 2013.

Compton, Charles Michael. An Exploration of the Attitudes, Values and Beliefs of Young SSI/DI Beneficiaries At or Near the Completion of Postsecondary Education Regarding Self-Sustaining Employment. D.E. dissertation, San Diego State University, 2010.

Congressional Budget Office. 2012. Supplemental Security Income: An Overview. Washington, DC: CBO.

Croke, Erin E. and Ashleigh B. Thompson. “Person Centered Planning in a Transition Program for Bronx Youth with Disabilities.” Child and Youth Services Review 33 (2011): 810-819.

Davies, Paul S. and Melissa M. Favreault. Interactions between Social Security Reform and the Supplemental Security Income for the Aged. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-02, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2004.

Davies, Paul S. and Michael J. Greenwood. Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in the Supplemental Security Income Program. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2004-087, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2004.

Davies, Paul S. and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Supplemental Security Income Recipients Affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: An Analysis of Two Years of Administrative Data,” Population and Environment – Special Issue on Demographic Dynamics and Natural Disasters: Learning from Katrina and Rita 31(1-3), (2010): 87-120.

Davies, Paul S. and Kalman Rupp. “An Overview of the National Survey of SSI Children and Families and Related Products.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 7-20.

Davies, Paul S., Kalman Rupp, and Alexander Strand. “The Potential of the SSI Program to Fight Poverty among the Poorest Elderly.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy 16, 1 (2004): 21-42.

Davies, Paul S., Kalman Rupp and David Wittenburg. “A Life-Cycle Perspective on the Transition to Adulthood Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Payments.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 30, 3 (2009): 133-151.

DeCesaro, Anne and Jeffrey Hemmeter. Characteristics of Noninstitutionalized DI and SSI Program Participants. Research and Statistics Note No. 2008-02. Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, January 2008.

________. “Unmet Health Care Needs and Medical Out-of-Pocket Expenses of SSI Children.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 177-199.

Dobkin, Carlos and Steven L. Puller. “The Effects of Government Transfers on Monthly Cycles in Drug Abuse, Hospitalization and Mortality.” Journal of Public Economics 91, 11-12 (December 2007): 2137-2157.

Duggan, Mark G. and Melissa Schettini Kearney. “The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26, 4 (Autumn 2007): 861-886.

________. The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes: Evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 11568, August 2005.

Elder, Todd and Elizabeth Powers. “The Effect of Falling SSI Generosity on SSI Participation Among the Aged Since the 1970s.” Proceedings of the 98th Annual Conference on Taxation of the National Tax Association (2005): 400-406.

________. “The Incredible Shrinking Program: Trends in SSI Participation of the Aged.” Research on Aging 28, 3 (May 2006): 341-358.

________. A Longitudinal Analysis of Entries and Exits of the Low-Income Elderly to and from the Supplemental Security Income Program.  Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2007-156, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, October 2007.

________. Public Health Insurance and SSI Program Participation Among the Aged. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2006-117, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, April 2006.

Favreault, Melissa M. and Douglas A. Wolf. Living Arrangements and Supplemental Security Income Receipt Among the Aged. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-03, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2004.

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________. “The Youth Transition Demonstration: Lifting Employment Barriers for Youth with Disabilities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. February 2013.

Fraker, Thomas, Peter Baird, Alison Black, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Colorado Youth WINS. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. April 2011.

Fraker, Thomas, Peter Baird, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Debbie Reed, and Allison Thompkins. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on the Career Transition Program. Report Prepared for the Social Security Administration. December 2012.

Fraker, Thomas, Alison Black, Joseph Broadus, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Reanin McRoberts, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on the City University of New York’s Project. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. April 2011.

Fraker, Thomas, Alison Black, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Bonnie O’Day, Meghan O’Toole, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Transition WORKS. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. February 2011.

Fraker, Thomas and Todd Honeycutt. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): Recommendation of the Technical Advisory Panel Regarding the Use of Incentive Payments and the Evaluation Design. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. February 2012.

Fraker, Thomas, Todd Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Bonnie O'Day, Debbie Reed, and Allison Thompkins. The Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Broadened Horizons, Brighter Futures. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. December 2012.

Fraker, Thomas, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Debbie Reed, Allison Thompkins, and David Wittenburg. The Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on West Virginia Youth Works. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. December 2012

Fraker, Thomas and Anu Rangarajan. “The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 223-240.

Fremstad, Shawn and Rebecca Vallas. Supplemental Security Income for Children with Disabilities. Social Security Brief No. 40. Washington, DC: National Academy of Social Insurance, November 2012.

Gerst, Kerstin. “Supplemental Security Income Among Older Immigrants From Central and South America: The Impact of Welfare Reform.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy. 21, 3 (2009): 297-317.

Gerst, Kerstin and Jeffrey A. Burr. “Welfare Use among Older Hispanic Immigrants: The Effect of State and Federal Policy.” Population Research and Policy Review. 20, 1 (2011): 129-150.

Gettens, John, Alexis D. Henry, Aniko Laszlo, and Jay Himmelstein. “The Prospect of Losing Benefits and the Work Decisions of Participants in Disability Programs: A Cross-Program Comparison.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 23, 3 (2012): 179-189.

Gibson, Nancy P. “SSI Rules Simplification Provides Helpful Changes.” The Exceptional Parent 35, 4 (April 2005): 64-65.

Giertz, Seth and Jeffrey Kubik. “The Disability Screening Process and the Labor Market Behavior of Accepted and Rejected Applicants: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study.” Journal of Labor Research. 32, 3 (2011): 237-253.

Hanrahan, Patricia, Daniel J. Luchin, Lea Cloninger, and James Swartz. “Medicaid Eligibility of Former Supplemental Security Income Recipients with Drug or Alcoholism Disability.” American Journal of Public Health 94, 1 (January 2004): 46-47.

Hemmeter, Jeffrey. Changes in Diagnostic Codes at Age 18. Research and Statistics Note, No. 2012-04. Washington, DC: Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, October 2012.

________. “Earnings and disability program participation of Youth Transition Demonstration participants after 24 months.” Baltimore, MD: Social Security Administration, January 2012.

________. “Health Related Unmet Needs of Supplemental Security Income Youth after the Age- 18 Redetermination.” Health Services Research 46, 4 (2011): 1224-1242.

________. “Occupations of SSI Recipients Who Work.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 3 (2009): 47-75.

Hemmeter, Jeffrey, and Elaine Gilby. “The Age-18 Redetermination and Postredetermination Participation in SSI.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 4 (2009): 1-25.

Hemmeter, Jeffrey, Jacqueline Kauff, and David Wittenburg. “Changing Circumstances: Experiences of Child SSI Recipients Before and After their Age-18 Redetermination for Adult Benefits.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 201-221.

Hemmeter, Jeffrey and Michelle Stegman. “Subsequent Program Participation of SSDI Beneficiaries and SSI Recipients Who Ceased Due to Medical Improvement.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 2 (2013): forthcoming.

Herd, Pamela, Robert F. Schoeni, and James S. House. “Upstream Solutions: Does the Supplemental Security Income Program Reduce Disability in the Elderly?” The Milbank Quarterly 86, 1 (March 2008): 5-45.

Hogan, Sean R., Richard Speiglman, and Jean C. Norris. “The Effects of Eliminating Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Eligibility on the Mental Health of Low-Income Substance Abusers.” Social Work in Public Health 25, 5 (2010): 438-453.

Hogan, Sean R., George J. Unick, Richard Speiglman, and Jean C. Norris. “Gender-Specific Barriers to Self-Sufficiency Among Former Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Beneficiaries: Implications for Welfare-to-Work Programs and Services.” Journal of Social Service Research 37, 3 (2011): 320-337.

________. “Social Welfare Policy and Public Assistance for Low-Income Substance Abusers: The Impact of 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on the Economic Security of Former Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Beneficiaries.” Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 35, 1 (March 2008): 221-24.

Honeycutt, Todd and David Wittenburg. Identifying Transition-Age Youth with Disabilities Using Existing Surveys. Report prepared for the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. July 2012.

Houston, Kyle, H. Bruce Lammers, and Shirley Svorny. “Perceptions of the Effect of Public Policy on Employment Opportunities for Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21, 1 (June 2010): 9-21.

Houtenville, Andrew J. and Debra L. Brucker. “Participation in Safety-Net Programs and the Utilization of Employment Services Among Working-Age Persons with Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies. doi: 10.1177/1044207312474308.

Johnson, Richard W., Melissa M. Favreault and Corina Mommaerts. Work Ability and the Social Insurance Safety Net in the Years Prior to Retirement. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2009-28, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, November 2009.

Karoly, Lynn A. and Paul S. Davies. Impact of the 1996 Childhood Disability Reforms: Evidence from Matched SIPP-SSA Data. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2004-079, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, June 2004.

Katz, Marsha R. Don’t Look for Logic: An Advocate’s Manual for Negotiating the SSI and SSDI Programs. Missoula, MT: University of Montana Rural Institute, 2005.

Kaushal, Neeraj. Elderly Immigrants’ Labor Supply Response to Supplemental Security Income. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2008-25, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2009.

Kemp, Mary. “Recipients of Supplemental Security Income and the Student Earned Income Exclusion.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 2(2010): 31-61.

Kirk, Adele. Understanding the Growth in Federal Disability Programs: Who are the Marginal Beneficiaries and How Much Do They Cost? Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2012-1, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2012.

Koenig, Melissa and Kalman Rupp. “SSI Recipients in Households and Families with Multiple Recipients: Prevalence and Poverty Outcomes.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 2 (2003/2004): 14-27.

Levy, Helen. Income, Material Hardship, and the Use of Public Programs among the Elderly. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2009-208, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2009.

Livermore, Gina A. “Social Security Disability Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 61-82.

________. “Work-Oriented Social Security Disability Beneficiaries: Characteristics and Employment-Related Activities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Research Brief Number 09-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. December 2009.

Livermore, Gina and Silvie Colman, “Use of One Stops by Social Security Disability Beneficiaries in Four States Implementing Disability Program Navigator Initiatives.” Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010.

Livermore, Gina A., Denise Hoffman, and Maura Bardos. Ticket to Work Participant Characteristics and Outcomes Under the Revised Regulations. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Ad-ministration. September 2012.

Livermore, Gina, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Benefits Planning, Assistance, and Outreach (BPAO) Service User Characteristics and Use of Work Incentives.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 6. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010.

________. “Benefits Planning, Assistance, and Outreach (BPAO) Service User Characteristics and Use of Work Incentives.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina A., Sarah Prenovitz, and Jody Schimmel. Employment-Related Outcomes of a Recent Cohort of Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program Enrollees. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. September 2011.

Livermore, Gina A. and Allison Roche. “Longitudinal Outcomes of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 105-132.

Livermore, Gina, Allison Roche, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Longitudinal Experiences of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 10. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010.

________. “Longitudinal Experiences of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

________. “SSI and DI Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 5. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.

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Livermore, Gina, and David Stapleton. “Highlights of the Fifth Ticket to Work Evaluation Report.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina, David Stapleton, and Allison Roche. “Characteristics, Employment, and Sources of Support Among Working-Age SSI and DI Beneficiaries.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 2. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.

________. “Characteristics, Employment, and Sources of Support Among Working-Age SSI and DI Beneficiaries.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina, Debra Wright, Allison Roche, and Eric Grau. “2006 National Beneficiary Survey: Background and Statistical Tables.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 4. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.

________. “2006 National Beneficiary Survey: Background and Statistical Tables.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Loprest, Pamela J. and David C. Wittenburg. Choices, Challenges, and Options: Child SSI Recipients Preparing for the Transition to Adult Life. Report prepared under contract to the Social Security Administration, May 2005.

________. “Posttransition Experiences of Former Child SSI Recipients.” Social Service Review 81, 4 (December 2007): 583-608.

Luchansky, Bill, Dan Fordlund, Sharon Estee, Peter Lund, Antoinette Krupski, and Kenneth Stark. “Substance Abuse Treatment and Criminal Justice Involvement for SSI Recipients: Results from Washington State.” American Journal on Addictions 15, 5 (September-October 2006): 370-379.

Luecking, Richard G. and David Wittenburg. “Providing Supports to Youth with Disabilities Transitioning to Adulthood: Case Descriptions from the Youth Transition Demonstration.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, (2009): 241-251.

Mamun, Arif, Paul O'Leary, David Wittenburg, and Jesse Gregory. “Employment among Social Security Disability Program Beneficiaries: 1996-2007.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 11-34.

Mann, David R. and David Stapleton. “A Roadmap to a 21st Century Disability Policy.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. January 2012.

Mann, David R. and David Wittenburg. “Back to Work: Recent SSA Employment Demonstrations for People With Disabilities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. June 2012.

Martin, Patricia P. “Hispanics, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 2 (2007): 73-100.

Martin, Teran and Paul S. Davies. “Changes in the Demographic and Economic Characteristics of SSI and DI Beneficiaries between 1984 and 1999.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 2 (2003/2004): 1-13.

Martinez, John, Thomas Fraker, Michelle Manno, Peter Baird, Arif Mamun, Bonnie O’Day, Anu Rangarajan, and David Wittenburg. The Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Implementation Lessons from the Original Projects. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Retirement Research, Social Security Administration, February 2010.

Martinez, John, Michelle S. Manno, Peter Baird, Thomas Fraker, Todd Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, Bonnie O’Day, and Anu Rangarajan. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Profiles of the Random Assignment Projects. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Retirement Research, Social Security Administration, December 2008.

McGarry, Kathleen and Jonathan Skinner. The Long-Term Financial and Health Outcomes of Disability Insurance Applicants. Paper presented at 11th Annual Joint Conference of the Research Retirement Consortium, Washington, DC, August 10-11, 2009.

Meyer, Bruce D., Wallace K.C. Mok, and James X. Sullivan. The Under-Reporting of Transfers in Household Surveys: Its Nature and Consequences. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. NB08-12, September 2008.

Mitchell, Jean M. and Darrell J. Gaskin “Do Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Who Are Enrolled in Medicaid Fare Better Under a Fee-for-Service or Comprehensive Capitation Model?” Pediatrics 114, 1 (July 2004): 196-204.

________. “Factors Affecting Plan Choice and Unmet Need Among Supplemental Security Income Eligible Children with Disabilities.” Health Services Research 40, 5, pt. 1 (October 2005): 1379-1399.

Mitchell, Jean M., Darrell J. Gaskin, and Chahira Kozna. “Health Supervision Visits Among SSI-Eligible Children in the D.C. Medicaid Program: A Comparison of Enrollees in Fee-for-Service and Partially Capitated Managed Care.” Inquiry 45, 2 (Summer 2008): 198-214.

Moulta-Ali, Umar. Child Welfare: Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefits for Children in Foster Care. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33855, September 2012.

________. Primer on Disability Benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL32279, August 2012.

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Moulta-Ali, Umar. Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program: Overview and Current Issues. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. R41934, January 2012..

Msall, Michael E., Fernando Bobis, and Shelly Field. “Children with Disabilities and Supplemental Security Income.” Infants & Young Children: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Special Care Practices 19, 1 (January-March 2006): 2-15.

Nadel, Mark, Steve Wamhoff, and Michael Wiseman. “Disability, Welfare Reform, and SSI.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 3 (2003/2004): 14-29.

Neumark, David and Elizabeth T. Powers. “The Effects of Changes in State SSI Supplements on Pre-Retirement Labor Supply.” Public Finance Review 33, 1 (January 2005): 3-35.

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Neumark, David, Elizabeth T. Powers, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. “Supplemental Security Income, Labor Supply, and Migration.” Journal of Population Economics 19, 3 (July 2006): 447-479.

Nicholas, Joyce and Michael Wiseman. “Elderly Poverty and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 1 (2009): 45-73.

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O'Day, Bonnie, Allison Roche, Norma Altshuler, Liz Clary, and Krista Harrison. “Process Evaluation of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 1. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.

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O'Day, Bonnie and David Stapleton. “Transforming Disability Policy for Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Research Brief Number 09-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. March 2009.

O'Leary, Paul K., Gina A. Livermore, and David C. Stapleton. “Employment of Individuals in the Social Security Disability Programs.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 1-10.

Parent, Rene. Defined Contribution Pension Plans and the Supplemental Security Income Program. Policy Brief No. 2006-01. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, March 2006.

Parent, Rene, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Nancy Early. Selected Characteristics and Self-Perceived Performance of Individual Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Representative Payees. Research and Statistics Note No. 2009-02. Washington, DC: Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, December 2009.

Powers, Elizabeth T. and Todd Elder. SSI for the Aged and the Problem of Take-Up. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 03-14, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, January 2004.

Prenovitz, Sarah. “Service Providers’ Experiences Under the Revised Ticket to Work Regulations.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. February 2012.

Pulcini, Christian D., Milton Kotelchuck, Karen A. Kuhlthau, Alixandra A. Nozzolillo, and James M. Perrin. “Potential Savings From Redetermining Disability Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Benefits.” Academic Pediatrics 12, 6 (2012): 489-494.

Rangarajan, Anu, Thomas Fraker, Todd Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, John Martinez, Bonnie O’Day, and David Wittenburg. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Evaluation Design Report. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Retirement Research, Social Security Administration, January 2009.

Reichman, Nancy E., Hope Corman, and Kelly Noonan. “Effects of Child Health on Sources of Public Support.” Southern Economic Journal 73, 1 (July 2006): 136-156.

Riley, Gerald F. and Kalman Rupp. “Expenditure Patterns Under the Four Major Public Cash Benefit and Health Insurance Programs for Working-Age Adults With Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies (2012): doi: 10.1177/1044207312469828.

Roberto, Pamela N., Jean M. Mitchell, and Darrell J. Gaskin. “Plan Choice and Changes in Access to Care over Time for SSI-Eligible Children with Disabilities.” Inquiry 42, 2 (Summer 2005): 145-159.

Rogers, Jackie B., Malachy Bishop, and Ralph M. Crystal. “Predicting Rehabilitation Outcome for Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Income Recipients: Implications for Consideration with the Ticket to Work Program.” Journal of Rehabilitation 71, 3 (July/August/September 2005): 5-10.

Romig, Kathleen. Social Security Reform: Possible Effects on the Elderly Poor and Mitigation Options. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL34433, April 2008.

Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, HaiQun Lin, and Robert A. Rosenheck. “Effect of Social Security Payments on Substance Abuse in a Homeless Mentally Ill Cohort.” Health Services Research 41, 1 (February 2006) 173-191.

Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, and Robert A. Rosenheck. “Homeless People Whose Self-Reported SSI/DI Status Is Inconsistent with Social Security Administration Record.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 1 (2007): 53-62.

Rudbeck, Jason. “Paying Attention to Welfare: Supplemental Security Income, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and the Incentives of Parents.” Ph.D. diss., Clemson University, 2006.

Rupp, Kalman. “Factors Affecting Initial Disability Allowance Rates for the Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs: The Role of the Demographic and Diagnostic Composition of Applicants and Local Labor Market Conditions.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 4 (2012): 11-36.

Rupp, Kalman and Paul S. Davies. “A Long-Term View of Health Status, Disabilities, Mortality, and Participation in the DI and SSI Disability Programs.” In Research in Labor Economics, Accounting for Worker Well-Being, Volume 23, edited by Solomon W. Polachek. Amsterdam: Elsevier, JAI Press, 2004.

Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, Chad Newcomb, Howard Iams, Carrie Becker, Shanti Mulpuru, Stephen Ressler, Kathleen Romig, and Baylor Miller. “A Profile of Children with Disabilities Receiving SSI Benefits: Highlights from the National Survey of SSI Children and Families.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 21-36.

Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, and Alexander Strand. “Disability Benefit Coverage and Program Interactions in the Working-Age Population.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 1 (2008): 1-30.

Rupp, Kalman and Steve Ressler. “Family Caregiving and Employment Among Parents of Children with Disabilities on SSI.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 153-175.

Rupp, Kalman and Gerald F. Riley. “Longitudinal Patterns of Medicaid and Medicare Coverage Among Disability Cash Benefits Awardees.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 3 (2012): 19-35.

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Rupp, Kalman, Alexander Strand, Paul S. Davies, and James Sears. “Benefit Adequacy Among Elderly Social Security Retired Worker Beneficiaries and the SSI Federal Benefit Rate.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 3 (2007): 29-52.

Schimmel, Jody, Bonnie O'Day, and Allison Roche. “The Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program: Promoting Employment Among Social Security Disability Beneficiaries.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 11-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. January 2012.

Schimmel, Jody, Bonnie O'Day, Allison Roche, Gina Livermore, and Dominic Harris. Evaluation of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program: Beneficiaries Served, Services Provided, and Program Costs. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. September 2010.

Schimmel, Jody, Allison Roche, and Gina Livermore. Evaluation of the Recent Experience of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program: Beneficiaries Served, Services Provided, and Pro-gram Costs. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. September 2011.

Schimmel, Jody and David C. Stapleton. “Disability Benefits Suspended or Terminated Because of Work.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 83-103.

________. “How Many Disability Beneficiaries Forgo Cash Benefits Because of Work? Evidence From a New Measure.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-03. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. February 2012.

Schmidt, Lucie. Effects of Welfare Reform on the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program. National Poverty Center Policy Brief No. 4, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, October 2004.

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Schmidt, Lucie and Purvi Sevak. “AFDC, SSI, and Welfare Reform Aggressiveness: Caseload Reductions vs. Caseload Shifting.” Journal of Human Resources 39, 3 (Summer 2004): 792-812.

Smeeding, Timothy M. and Susanna Sandstrom. Poverty and Income Maintenance in Old Age: A Cross-National View of Low Income Older Women. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-29, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, November 2004.

Smith-Kaprosy, Nolan, Patricia P. Martin, and Kevin Whitman. “An Overview of American Indians and Alaskan Natives in the Context of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 4 (2012): 1-10.

Soss, Joe and Lael R. Keiser. The Political Roots of Disability Claims: How State Environments and Policies Shape Citizen Demand. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1292-05, January 2005.

Stapleton, David, Cindy Gruman, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Participation in Ticket to Work Continues to Grow but Assignments Under the Traditional Payment System Still Dominate.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 3. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.

________. “Participation in Ticket to Work Continues to Grow but Assignments Under the Traditional Payment System Still Dominate.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Stapleton, David C., Gina Livermore, Craig Thornton, Bonnie O’Day, Robert Weathers, Krista Harrison, So O’Neil, Emily Sama Martin, and David Wittenburg. Ticket to Work at the Crossroads: A Solid Foundation with an Uncertain Future. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, September 2008.

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