The Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund was established on January 1, 1940 as a separate account in the United States Treasury. The Federal
Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund, another separate account in the United States Treasury, was established on August 1, 1956. These funds conduct the financial operations of the OASI and DI programs. The Board of Trustees is responsible for overseeing the financial operations of these funds. The following paragraphs describe the various components of trust fund income and cost. Following this description, tables
VI.A1 and
VI.A2 present the historical operations of the separate trust funds since their inception, and table
VI.A3 presents the operations of the hypothetical combined trust funds
1 during the period when they have co-existed.
The primary income of these two funds comes from appropriations under permanent authority on the basis of payroll tax contributions. Federal law requires that all employees who work in OASDI
covered employment, and their employers, make payroll tax contributions on their wages up to a specified annual maximum amount (the contribution and benefit base). Employees and their employers must also make payroll tax contributions on monthly cash tips if such tips are at least $20. Self-employed persons must make payroll tax contributions on their covered net
earnings from self-employment subject to the annual contribution and benefit base. The Federal Government pays amounts equivalent to the combined employer and employee contributions that would be paid on
deemed wage credits attributable to military service performed between 1957 and 2001, if such wage credits were covered wages. Treasury initially deposits payroll tax contributions to the trust funds each day on an estimated basis. Subsequently, Treasury makes adjustments based on the certified amount of wages and self-employment earnings in the records of the Social Security Administration.
Beginning in 1984, Federal law subjected up to 50 percent of an individual’s or couple’s OASDI benefits to Federal income taxation under certain circumstances. Effective for taxable years beginning after 1993, the law increased the maximum percentage from 50 percent to 85 percent. Treasury credits the proceeds from this taxation of up to 50 percent of benefits to the OASI and DI Trust Funds in advance, on an estimated basis, at the beginning of each calendar quarter, with no reimbursement to the General Fund for interest costs attributable to the advance transfers.
2 Treasury makes subsequent adjustments based on the actual amounts shown on annual income tax records. Each of the OASI and DI Trust Funds receives the income taxes paid on the benefits from that trust fund.
3Another source of income to the trust funds is interest received on investments held by the trust funds. On a daily basis, Treasury invests trust fund income in interest-bearing obligations of the U.S. Government. These investments include the
special public-debt obligations described in the next paragraph. The Social Security Act also authorizes the trust funds to hold obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States. The act therefore permits the trust funds to hold certain Federally sponsored agency obligations and marketable obligations.
4 The trust funds may acquire any of these obligations on original issue at the issue price or by purchase of outstanding obligations at their market price.
The Social Security Act authorizes the issuance of special public-debt obligations for purchase exclusively by the trust funds. The act provides that the
interest rate for special obligations newly issued in any month is the average market yield, as of the last business day of the prior month, on all of the outstanding marketable U.S. obligations that are due or callable more than 4 years in the future. This rate is rounded to the nearest one-eighth of one percent. Beginning January 1999, in calculating the average market yield rate for this purpose, the Treasury incorporates the yield to the call date when a callable bond’s market price is above par.
Although the Social Security Act does not authorize the purchase or sale of special issue securities in the open market, Treasury redeems special issue securities prior to maturity at par value when needed to meet current operating expenses.
As a result, changes in market yield rates after issuance of special issue securities do not cause fluctuations in the value of these securities. As is true for marketable Treasury securities held by the public, the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government backs all of the investments held by the trust funds.
Annual cost for the OASI and DI Trust Funds primarily consists of: (1) OASDI benefit payments
5, net of any reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury for unnegotiated benefit checks; and (2) expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration and the Department of the Treasury in administering the OASDI program and the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relating to the collection of contributions. Such
administrative expenses include, among other items, the cost of (1) payroll; (2) construction, rental, lease, or purchase of office buildings and related facilities for the Social Security Administration; and (3) information technology systems. The Social Security Act prohibits payments from the OASI and DI Trust Funds for any purpose not related to the payment of benefits or administrative costs for the OASDI program.
Annual cost also includes: (1) the costs of vocational rehabilitation services furnished to disabled persons receiving cash benefits because of their disabilities, where such services contributed to their successful rehabilitation; and (2) net costs of the provisions of the Railroad Retirement Act that provide for a system of coordination and
financial interchange between the
Railroad Retirement program and the Social Security program. Under the financial interchange provisions, the Railroad Retirement program’s Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account and the trust funds interchange amounts on an annual basis so that each trust fund is in the same position it would have been had railroad employment always been covered under Social Security.
Tables VI.A4 and
VI.A5 show the total asset reserves of the OASI Trust Fund and the DI Trust Fund, respectively, at the end of calendar years 2021 and 2022. The tables show the invested asset reserves by interest rate and year of maturity. Bonds issued to the trust funds in 2022 had an interest rate of 3.000 percent, compared with an interest rate of 1.500 percent for bonds issued in 2021.
