2023 OASDI Trustees Report

F. INFINITE HORIZON PROJECTIONS

Another measure of trust fund financial status is the infinite horizon unfunded obligation, which takes account of all past and future annual balances, even those after the next 75 years. The extension of the time period past 75 years assumes that the current law for the OASDI program and the demographic and economic trends used for the 75‑year projection continue indefinitely.

Table VI.F1 shows that the OASDI open-group unfunded obligation over the infinite horizon is $65.9 trillion in present value, which is $43.4 trillion larger than for the 75‑year period. The $43.4 trillion increment reflects a significant financing gap projected for OASDI for years after 2097 into perpetuity. Of course, the degree of uncertainty associated with estimates increases substantially for years further in the future.

The $65.9 trillion infinite horizon open-group unfunded obligation is equal to 4.6 percent of taxable payroll or 1.4 percent of GDP over the same period. These relative measures of the unfunded obligation over the infinite horizon express its magnitude in relation to the resources potentially available to finance the shortfall.

The summarized shortfalls for the 75-year period and through the infinite horizon both reflect annual cash-flow shortfalls for all years after trust fund reserve depletion. The annual shortfalls after trust fund reserve depletion rise slowly and reflect increases in life expectancy. The summarized shortfalls over the infinite horizon, as percentages of taxable payroll and GDP, are larger than the shortfalls for the 75-year period.

To illustrate the magnitude of the projected infinite horizon shortfall, consider that it could be eliminated with additional revenue equivalent to an immediate increase in the combined payroll tax rate from 12.4 percent to about 17.0 percent,¹ or with cost reductions equivalent to an immediate and permanent reduction in benefits for all current and future beneficiaries by about 26.9 percent.

Table VI.F1.—Unfunded OASDI Obligations Through the Infinite Horizon and
the 75-Year Projection Period, Based on Intermediate Assumptions

[Present values as of January 1, 2023; dollar amounts in trillions]

	Present value		Expressed as a percentage of future payroll and GDP
			Taxable payroll	GDP
Unfunded obligation through the infinite horizon a	$65.9		4.6	1.4
Unfunded obligation through 2097 b	22.4		3.4	1.2

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a

Present value of future cost less future non-interest income, reduced by the amount of trust fund asset reserves at the beginning of 2023. Expressed as a percentage of payroll and GDP for the period 2023 through the infinite horizon.

b

Present value of future cost less future non-interest income through 2097, reduced by the amount of trust fund reserves at the beginning of 2023. Expressed as a percentage of payroll and GDP for the period 2023 through 2097.

Notes:
1. The present values of future taxable payroll for 2023-97 and for 2023 through the infinite horizon are $655.0 trillion and $1,439.1 trillion, respectively.
2. The present values of GDP for 2023-97 and for 2023 through the infinite horizon are $1,865.3 trillion and $4,612.7 trillion, respectively. Present values of GDP shown in the Medicare Trustees Report differ slightly due to the use of discount rates that are specific to each program’s trust fund holdings.

Last year, the Trustees projected that the infinite horizon unfunded obligation was $61.8 trillion in present value discounted to January 1, 2022. If the assumptions, methods, and starting values had not changed, moving the valuation date forward by 1 year to January 1, 2023 would have discounted future values by 1 year less, thus increasing the measured unfunded obligation by about $1.4 trillion, to $63.2 trillion. The net effects of changes in assumptions, methods, law, and starting values increased the infinite horizon unfunded obligation by an additional $2.7 trillion. This net increase occurred for a variety of reasons, particularly changes in recent economic data and near-term assumptions, and changes in programmatic data and methods. See section IV.B.6 for details regarding changes in law, data, methods, and assumptions.

Compared to last year’s report, the unfunded obligation over the infinite horizon in this year’s report increased by 0.1 percentage point as both a share of taxable payroll and a share of GDP. The unfunded obligation over the 75-year projection period increased by 0.2 percentage point as a share of taxable payroll and increased by 0.1 percentage point as a share of GDP.

a. Unfunded Obligations for Past, Current, and Future Participants

Table VI.F2 separates the components of the infinite horizon unfunded obligation (with the exception of General Fund reimbursements) among past, current, and future participants. The table does not separate past General Fund reimbursements among participants because there is no clear basis for attributing the reimbursements across generations.

Past participants are defined as those no longer alive as of the valuation date. Current participants are those age 15 and older as of 2023. Future participants are those under age 15 or not yet born.

The excess of the present value of cost for past and current participants over the present value of dedicated tax income for past and current participants produces an unfunded obligation for past and current participants of $49.1 trillion. Table VI.F2 also shows an unfunded obligation of $48.4 trillion for past and current participants, including past and future General Fund reimbursements. Future participants are scheduled to pay dedicated taxes of $17.5 trillion less into the system than the cost of their scheduled benefits ($148.8 trillion of dedicated tax income as compared to $166.3 trillion of cost). The unfunded obligation for all participants through the infinite horizon thus equals $65.9 trillion.

Making Social Security solvent over the infinite horizon requires some combination of increased revenue or reduced benefits for current and future participants amounting to $65.9 trillion in present value, 4.6 percent of future taxable payroll, or 1.4 percent of future GDP.

Table VI.F2.—Present Values Through the Infinite Horizon
for Various Categories of Program Participants, Based on Intermediate Assumptions

[Present values as of January 1, 2023; dollar amounts in trillions]

	Present value	Expressed as a percentage of future payroll and GDP
		Taxable payroll	GDP
Present value of past cost	$76.4	5.3	1.7
Less present value of past dedicated tax income	78.5	5.5	1.7
Plus present value of future cost for current participants	95.7	6.6	2.1
Less present value of future dedicated tax income for current participants	44.4	3.1	1.0
Equals unfunded obligation for past and current participants excluding General Fund reimbursements	49.1	3.4	1.1
Less present value of past General Fund reimbursementsa	.7	b	c
Less present value of future General Fund reimbursements through the infinite horizon a	d	b	c
Equals unfunded obligation for past and current participants including General Fund reimbursements	48.4	3.4	1.0
Plus present value of cost for future participants through the infinite horizon	166.3	11.6	3.6
Less present value of dedicated tax income for future participants through the infinite horizon	148.8	10.3	3.2
Equals unfunded obligation for all participants through the infinite horizon	65.9	4.6	1.4

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a

Distribution of General Fund reimbursements among past, current, and future participants cannot be determined.

b

Less than 0.05 percent of taxable payroll.

c

Less than 0.05 percent of GDP.

d

Less than $50 billion.

Notes:
1. The present value of future taxable payroll for 2023 through the infinite horizon is $1,439.1 trillion.
2. The present value of GDP for 2023 through the infinite horizon is $4,612.7 trillion.
3. Components may not sum to totals because of rounding.

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1

While an increase in the payroll tax rate would cause some behavioral changes in earnings and ensuing changes in benefit levels, such changes are not included in the calculations because they are assumed to have roughly offsetting effects on OASDI actuarial status over the infinite horizon.