The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about “relevant research on the SSI program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others.” Section
1 of this appendix describes major ongoing projects. Section
2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding SSI payment levels, recipients, and reform proposals published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities.
Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data matched to administrative records, SSA researchers have developed a model of financial eligibility for SSI to estimate the rate of participation among the eligible elderly and the effects of various options to modify the SSI program (see Davies et al. 2001/2002). The model suggests that the rate of participation among the eligible elderly was about 62 percent in 1991. The comparable participation rate estimate at the end of 1996 was also 62 percent. An updated version of the model uses the 2004 SIPP matched to administrative records.
We used the model to simulate the potential effects of several approaches to expand the SSI program to fight poverty among the elderly. Approaches focusing on incremental changes in the Federal benefit rate, the general income exclusion, and the resources test appear roughly equally effective in reducing the poverty gap among the elderly on a cost-equivalent basis, while two approaches focusing on relaxing the earned income exclusion are less effective (Davies, Rupp, and Strand, 2004). More recently, we expanded the model to address SSI participation and financial eligibility among the working-age disabled, and to assess SSI benefit restructuring options for the entire SSI population. The working-aged model allows for the identification of working-aged persons by their SSI financial eligibility status, DI insured status, and participation in both programs. We used the expanded model to assess SSI’s role in complementing DI and enhancing the safety net for the working-aged population (Rupp, Davies, and Strand, 2008). We simulated the effects of several approaches to changing in-kind support and maintenance rules and options for altering the calculation of the Federal benefit rate for certain living arrangement categories (Balkus et al. 2009). We also studied eligibility for Medicare buy-in programs with the financial eligibility model (see Rupp and Sears 2000; Sears 2001/2002). In unpublished internal research, we used the model to estimate the size of the population potentially eligible for the Medicare Part D low income subsidy.
The National Survey of SSI Children and Families (NSCF) addressed a number of agency policy and program objectives. One objective was to address issues specifically pertaining to the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (welfare reform). However, the survey as designed is useful for the study of a broader range of issues of current interest to policy makers. Most importantly, it allows for the analysis of a nationally representative cross-section of SSI beneficiary children aged 0-17 and young adults aged 18-23. Among the questions the survey answers are the following:
The NSCF data collection began July 2001 and concluded June 2002. The NSCF sample size was considerably larger for SSI children and young adults than the sample size available in other surveys. Altogether, the NSCF includes 8,535 completed interviews, including 5,006 who received SSI benefits in December 2000 and 5,033 who received SSI benefits in December 1996. NSCF documentation is available on the SSA website at
www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/nscf.htm. Davies and Rupp (2005/2006) provides an overview of the survey and describes some key features. Other analyses using these data are discussed in section c below. Although it was a cross-sectional data collection effort, we continue to update the match between NSCF and SSI administrative records with longitudinal data on SSI program participation.
A number of studies by SSA researchers provide a better understanding of the SSI program, the elderly and disabled target populations, program interactions, and the role of the SSI program in the United States social safety net. Koenig and Rupp (2003/2004) estimates the prevalence of households and families with multiple SSI recipients and provided an assessment of the poverty status of multirecipient households. In 2003 and again in 2005 SSA provided funding for interviewing supplemental samples of SSI and DI beneficiaries to increase the SIPP sample size available for analyses of these target groups. DeCesaro and Hemmeter (2008) examines the characteristics of DI and SSI program participants using the 2003 supplemental sample combined with the 2001 SIPP, both matched to administrative records. Rupp and Davies (2004) tracks survey respondents from the 1984 SIPP for 14 years using administrative
records on SSI and DI participation and death events to assess the relationship between self-reported health status, disabilities, mortality, and participation in the SSI and DI programs. Weathers et al. (2007) uses a unique longitudinal dataset based on administrative data from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) linked to SSA administrative records to conduct a case study of SSI children who applied for postsecondary education at NTID. Another study uses SSA administrative records from August 2005 through August 2007 to analyze SSI recipients who lived in counties and parishes affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (Davies and Hemmeter 2010). Hemmeter (2009) examines the occupational distribution of SSI disability recipients aged 18-61 who work. Hemmeter and Gilby (2009) analyzes age-18 redetermination outcomes for SSI youth, including appeals of initial cessations and subsequent reapplications for benefits after a period of ineligibility. Using data from the Current Population Survey matched to SSA administrative records, Nicholas and Wiseman (2009) assesses the impact of using administrative records on poverty estimation among elderly SSI recipients using the official and alternative definitions of poverty. Wiseman and Ycas (2008) compares the Canadian social assistance program for the elderly with the SSI program, looking at program structure, cost and consequences for elderly poverty rates. Kemp (2010) conducts a descriptive analysis of the SSI Student Earned Income Exclusion. One ongoing study is examining the growth in SSI applications and awards among children. Another ongoing study is looking at SSI children by year of award and age at award and analyzing transitions (onto DI, off DI and SSI, mortality) as they age into adulthood.
Several studies focus on the distributional effects of the SSI program through its interactions with other Federal and State programs. One on-going study is utilizing longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to assess the role of SSI and related social safety net programs in providing a buffer against the potentially adverse effects of disability shocks in the near-elderly population on financial well-being. Rupp et al. (2008) provides an empirical analysis of the SSI Federal benefit rate for assessing benefit adequacy among elderly Social Security beneficiaries and the effectiveness of the SSI benefit eligibility screens for targeting economically vulnerable elderly beneficiaries. Balkus et al. (2009) examines the distributional effects of replacing current policies on living arrangements and in-kind support with a simpler, cost neutral alternative. Rupp and Strand (2007) highlights the distributional implications of Social Security reform scenarios involving a potential shift from wage indexing to price indexing or longevity indexing in the establishment of initial benefits. Strand (2010) uses matched SIPP records to examine potential eligibility for three major means-tested programs (SSI, Medicaid, and Food Stamp) among near retirees aged 55 to 64 and eventual SSI participation upon reaching age 65. Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008) finds that over one-third of the working-age population is covered by SSI in the event of a severe disability, which provides disability benefit coverage to many who are not DI-insured and enhances the potential bundle of disability cash benefits among a substantial segment of those who are DI-insured. Rupp and Riley (2011) analyzes longitudinal patterns of interaction between DI and SSI and finds that a quarter of the year 2000 cohort of first-ever working age disability awardees received benefits from both programs over a 60-month period. Ongoing research by Rupp and Riley is analyzing interactions between SSI, DI, Medicaid and Medicare on a cohort of SSI and DI awardees; the research uses matched administrative data from SSA and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Wamhoff and Wiseman (2005/2006) examines the financial consequences of TANF-to-SSI transfers and develops new estimates of both the prevalence of receipt of SSI benefits among families receiving cash assistance from TANF and the proportion of new SSI awards that go to adults and children residing in families receiving TANF-related benefits. Trenkamp and Wiseman (2007) addresses the connections between the SSI and Food Stamp programs. Meijer, Karoly, and Michaud (2009, 2010) analyzes eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy, which relies on a simplified SSI methodology.
A number of studies utilize the NSCF to focus on children and young adults receiving SSI. Rupp et al. (2005/2006) presents highlights from the survey characterizing SSI children with disabilities and their families. Hemmeter (2011) analyzes the unmet health care needs of SSI children after the age-18 redetermination. Additional research studies employment and caregiving patterns of parents of SSI children (Rupp and Ressler 2009), examines employment and program outcomes among young adults after their eligibility redetermination at age 18 (Hemmeter, Kauff, and Wittenburg 2009), and analyzes factors affecting out-of-pocket medical expenses and unmet health care needs of disabled children (DeCesaro and Hemmeter 2009). These papers appear in a special issue of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (volume 30, number 3, 2009) devoted to SSI children and young adults and the transition to adulthood. The special issue also includes a paper that introduces the issue and examines the life-cycle human capital development and longer-term SSI and earnings outcomes of SSI youth as they transition to adulthood (Davies, Rupp, and Wittenburg 2009), as well as two papers that focus on SSA’s Youth Transition Demonstration (Fraker and Rangarajan 2009; Luecking and Wittenburg 2009). The articles from the special issue are available on SSA’s web site at
http://socialsecurity.gov/policy/JVR.html.
The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 requires the Commissioner of Social Security to provide independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the TTW program. We are conducting all TTW evaluation reports through an independent evaluation contractor, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Papers from all seven TTW reports are available on Social Security Online at
www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/twe_reports.htm.
One of the foundations of the evaluation is an annual research file, the Ticket Research File (TRF). The TRF contains the agency's disparate administrative data resources for all beneficiaries age 10 to full retirement age who have received disability cash benefits from the SSI, SSDI, or both programs since 1996. We initially produced the TRF to support the TTW evaluation, and researchers now use it for a wide array of disability-related research.
A second foundation of the TTW evaluation is the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS). In the NBS, we collect information that is not available from our administrative records from a representative sample of SSI and SSDI beneficiaries. Key items of interest in the NBS include work attitudes and work related activities, health and functional status, education, access to health insurance, household composition, and sources of income. In the past year, we completed the fourth round of the NBS. We implemented the first four rounds between 2004 and 2010, but delayed the fourth round of the NBS survey to observe the 2008 changes to the TTW program.
Within the last year, we have published seven articles in a special issue of the Social Security Bulletin based on the findings of the TTW evaluation and related research from our fifth TTW evaluation report. Like the fifth TTW evaluation report, we are publishing the sixth and seventh TTW evaluation reports as a series of papers plus a “Highlights” paper summarizing the findings from each report.
In the sixth TTW evaluation report, we analyzed four separate issues facing the TTW program. In the first paper, we examined the early effects of the revised TTW regulations that we implemented in 2008. Our evaluation contractor found that the agency and its contractors have successfully educated providers about the revised regulations and have instituted related support systems. We also found that the new regulations have had only a modest effect on the overall rate of beneficiary participation in TTW, but have significantly increased participation under the milestone-outcome payment method. We also found that while the number of Employment Networks (EN) increased only modestly under the new regulations, the number of ENs actively taking Tickets increased sharply as we have removed ENs not actively participating in the program.
In the second paper of the sixth report, we examined the activities of the 103 organizations receiving agency grants under the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) projects. This report found that WIPA projects are appropriately prioritizing services to beneficiaries most interested in employment and focusing on encouraging WIPA enrollees to use work incentives to increase employment. Consistent with WIPA goals, we found that 70 percent of enrollees receive some level of ongoing support from WIPA projects, but that 30 percent did not receive such assistance. We also found that WIPA projects varied markedly in terms of service output and costs and that these differences were not due to differences in beneficiary density in WIPA markets.
In our third paper for the sixth report, we examined the likelihood that the TTW program currently is, or likely will be, self-financing. We found that the TTW specific operational and EN payment costs are about $46 million each year and that the TTW program needs to increase exits by about 2,500 annually to cover these ongoing costs. TTW has produced about 2,700 annual exits, so the net cost of TTW depends on how many of these beneficiaries would have exited without TTW assistance. For example, if none of the 2,700 beneficiaries who exited in 2006 would have done so without TTW assistance, the program is already self-financing. Alternatively, if all 2,700 would have exited anyway, in the absence of TTW, then the program is costing the full $46 million. We believe the true annual cost is somewhere between these extremes.
In the fourth paper of the sixth report, we examined the longitudinal employment outcomes of new SSI disability recipients over an 11-year span. We found that a substantial share of SSI awardees receive SSDI at some point while receiving SSI (40%), and that SSDI receipt changes the effect of work on benefit receipt. We find that by the 11th year after initial receipt of benefits (2007), 7.4 percent of the 1996 SSI award cohort were not receiving SSI payments because of work (1619(b) status) and also not receiving SSDI payments in at least one month, while if we ignore SSDI status, 11.4 percent were not receiving SSI payments because of work in at least 1 month. We also found that some recipients terminate from SSI due to work without entering suspended status (1619(b)) first.
Our TTW evaluation contractor is currently completing its analyses for the seventh TTW evaluation report. The first two papers for this report are complete, and our contractor will complete the remaining reports in fiscal year 2012. In the first completed report, we updated WIPA project activities and examined the outcomes achieved by WIPA enrollees following their enrollment. We found that 70 percent of beneficiaries who enrolled in WIPA services between October 2009 and March 2010 were employed or actively seeking employment at the time of enrollment. Fifty-five percent of these beneficiaries had earnings at some point during the 9 to 15 months following service entry, and about 16 percent experienced a reduction in social security disability benefits because of earnings during at least one month in the nine-month period following WIPA program entry. We also found that receipt of more intensive WIPA services (as measured by hours of service) was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of using our work incentives; having earnings in 2010; experiencing an increase in earnings between 2009 and 2010; and having benefits suspended or terminated because of earnings during at least one month between WIPA program entry and the end of December 2010.
In the second completed paper from the seventh report, we examined the longer-term changes in the TTW program following our implementation of the 2008 regulations. Since that time, we find the number of beneficiaries served under the milestone-outcome payment system has increased markedly and has continued to grow. We also find that the proportion of ENs that are actively taking Tickets has nearly doubled, from 28 percent in July 2008 to 52 percent in December 2010 as we have focused on limiting the pool of ENs to those that have the potential to be actively involved in the program and to promote its goals. However, beneficiary participation rates in TTW have increased only slightly since the introduction of the revised regulations, and Partnership Plus cases (where the State vocational rehabilitation agency (SVRA) serves the beneficiary and then hands them off to an EN for long-term case management) make up a tiny proportion of all Ticket assignments. The increase in milestone-outcome assignments, particularly at a time when assignments to the other payment systems were stagnant, suggests that we were successful in making milestone-outcome more enticing to both ENs and SVRAs.
Other researchers and policy analysts within the agency, and at other Federal agencies and academic institutions, use the TRF and the NBS for general disability research and analysis not limited to Ticket participants. Examples of these papers include: interactions between SSDI and SSI for new beneficiaries with disabilities (Longitudinal Patterns of Participation in the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs for People with Disabilities, by Kalman Rupp and Gerald F. Riley); the differences in employment outcomes between young participants (ages 18 to 30) with psychiatric disabilities versus young participants with other disabilities (Employment Experiences of Young Medicaid Buy-In Participants with Psychiatric Disabilities, Jody Schimmel, Su Liu, Sarah Croake); and work activities and employment outcomes for our beneficiaries with disabilities in seven articles in a special issue of the Social Security Bulletin (Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 71 No. 3).
In 2004, we awarded funds to 41 service providers nationwide to provide outreach services to people who are homeless. We trained these service providers and gave them training materials so they could help individuals who are homeless with our disability application process. In October 2007, Westat, the evaluation contractor, released the final evaluation report. We are currently conducting a longitudinal evaluation of HOPE. Findings from this analysis will be available later in 2012.
The YTD establishes partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youth ages 14-25 who receive (or could receive) SSI or SSDI payments based on their own disability. The YTD projects include service delivery systems and a broad array of services and supports to assist youth with disabilities in their transition from school to employment and to help them gain economic self-sufficiency.
YTD began in 2003, with seven projects in six States. In 2007, we piloted new projects in five States, choosing three new projects in Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia. These three projects joined three (Colorado and two New York) of the original seven projects in a random assignment study. This study will produce the first evaluation of the empirical evidence of the effects of youth transition programs and modified SSI work incentives.
The YTD projects in Colorado and New York have ended. The Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia projects are implementing the interventions and services and will end in 2012. A comprehensive final report of the six random assignment projects is due in August 2014.
Both welfare agencies and the federal disability system seek to support low-income people with disabilities and help them become more independent. However, the two systems often have differing missions and organization, definitions of disability, operational and financial issues, and work rules and incentives, making it challenging for the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs to work together. TANF clients who apply for SSI may confront conflicting messages from TANF agencies regarding work requirements and benefit eligibility. The GAO and Social Security Advisory Board recommended that SSA and the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) work together to address serious concerns in Congress among stakeholders that the TANF and SSI lacked the coordination necessary to serve the public effectively and efficiently.
In response to these concerns, and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the TANF and SSI populations and programs, our Office of Program Development and Research and the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) launched the TANF-SSI Disability Transition Project in October 2008. Working with ACF, TANF agencies in California, Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York, select counties in these States, and the evaluation firm MDRC, we are analyzing program data, examining State and county program coordination, and pilot-testing program innovations for TANF clients with disabilities. SSA, ACF, TANF agencies, and low-income individuals with disabilities and their families would benefit from effective and efficient services—moving toward employment when possible, making informed decisions about applying for SSI, receiving SSI as quickly as possible if eligible, and reducing administrative costs. The project will conclude in June 2013 with final reports on data analysis, program coordination, pilot test observations, and options for a larger demonstration project that builds on these findings.
We are conducting research in order to collect new occupational information for the agency’s disability program’s adjudicative needs. We currently use occupational information from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) developed by the Department of Labor (DOL), as well as other companion volumes such as the Selected Characteristics of Occupations and the Revised Handbook for Analyzing Jobs, and have relied on these sources when adjudicating disability claims. DOL completed the last partial update of the DOT in 1991 and has no plans to conduct further updates. The new information will replace that contained in the DOT and comprise the primary source for information about job requirements critical to evaluating disability, including information not contained in the DOT.
In FY 2011, we completed and published a comprehensive OIS research and development plan and business process (
http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/research_development.html) that we will update annually. We maintained collaborative activities and obtained consultative advice, through outreach and staff contact with DOL's Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Employment and Training Administration; the U.S. Census Bureau; the Office of Personnel Management; and, the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. These vital consultations are foundational for developing and evaluating our new OIS. We will continue to coordinate with these and other Federal agencies as warranted through the life of the project.
We continued work on the Occupational and Medical-Vocational Study—a review of adult disability claims to identify and record the primary occupational, functional, and vocational characteristics of adult applicants under our OASDI and SSI disability programs. This information will help us target our initial rounds of OIS data collection. We will complete a report on this effort in FY 2012. In September 2011, we received final reports on benchmarking job analysis methodologies and business strategies to recruit, train, and certify job analysts to conduct OIS data collection (
http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/occupational_info_systems.html). We also completed the survey of selected domestic and international governmental OISs, identified the scientific standards by which we will conduct the research and development of the OIS, and began to identify the OIS usability standards that we will complete in FY 2012. We began groundwork for the OIS work taxonomy based on the Occupational Information Development Advisory Panel's 2009 recommendations, our program rules, and other recommendations offered by experts and the public. Finally, we awarded contracts to expert consultants in industrial and organizational psychology for advice and support on a range of OIS activities, including the method for completing an OIS work taxonomy that would best support our program and technical needs.
In FY 2012, we will continue outreach to key Federal partners and identify potential collaborative efforts that may assist in moving the project forward. We will also develop and test the collection of occupational information, and estimate testing could be complete in the final quarter of FY 2013. Pending a successful outcome we will begin collection and evaluate integration of the new data into SSA’s program operations.
In the HSPD Pilot Demonstration, we are partnering with clinicians and case managers from the Health Services Agencies of San Francisco and Santa Cruz, California and the Department of Public Health of the City of San Francisco who are actively engaged in assisting their patients to navigate the SSI application process. We believe that they have established relationships with patients who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who are also known to be homeless. The goal is to improve the economic well-being of adult applicants who are homeless and have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. There are two main features of the program. We have developed the Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form for clinicians to complete, which certifies that the medical evidence establishes that the applicant’s mental impairment meets the severity of Listing 12.03 Schizophrenic, Paranoid and Other Psychotic Disorders. The clinicians and case managers submit the form, along with the supporting medical evidence, as well as assist with completing the online and paper applications for SSI benefits.
The second feature of the pilot demonstration is that we will pay up to six months of SSI payments to the applicant based on presumptive disability (PD), which will provide economic relief to the applicant while we gather the medical evidence and process the necessary application to make a formal finding of disability. Applicants are not required to pay back PD SSI payments if we ultimately deny their applications, as long as we did not deny the applications for nonmedical reasons. There must be a high degree of probability that the applicant is disabled when we confer PD SSI payments. Our field offices generally make PD findings only for specific disability categories, which do not include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. This pilot demonstration allows us to create special units in our San Francisco and Santa Cruz, California field offices to make PD findings for applicants who are homeless, have a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and whose application includes a Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form completed by an acceptable medical source certifying the diagnosis and the severity of the applicant’s impairment.
In our evaluation of the demonstration, we will examine whether the program improves the administration of the SSI application and determination process. We will also examine whether providing the application assistance and the PD improves outcomes for individuals who are homeless and who have schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Aron, Laudan Y. and Pamela Loprest. Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2007.
Autor, David, Amitabh Chandra, and Mark Duggan. Public Health Expenditures on the Working Age Disabled: Assessing Medicare and Medicaid Utilization of SSDI and SSI Recipients. National Bureau of Economic Research SSA Project No. NB09-08, September 2011.
________. Treatment of Married Couples in the SSI Program. Issue Paper No. 2003-01. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, December 2003.
Balkus, Richard, James Sears, Susan Wilschke, and Bernard Wixon. “Simplifying the Supplemental Security Income Program: Options for Eliminating the Counting of In-Kind Support and Maintenance.”
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Balkus, Richard, L. Scott Muller, Mark Nadel, and Michael Wiseman. “The Challenge of Growth: Public Disability Benefits in the United States.” In
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Beers, Nathaniel S., Alexa Kemeny, Lon Sherritt, and Judith S. Palfrey. “Variations in State-Level Definitions: Children with Special Health Care Needs.”
Public Health Reports 118, 5 (September/October 2003): 434-447.
Benitez-Silva, Hugo, Moshe Buchinsky, and John Rust. How Large are the Classification Errors in the Social Security Disability Award Process? National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 10219, January 2004.
Berry, Hugh G. “Employment and Earnings Growth Among Transition-Age Supplemental Security Income Program Participants.”
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Bond, Gary R, Haiyi Xie, and Robert E. Drake. “Can SSDI and SSI Beneficiaries with Mental Illness Benefit from Evidence-Based Supported Employment?”
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Bound, John, Julie Berry Cullen, Austin Nichols, and Lucie Schmidt. “The Welfare Implications of Increasing Disability Insurance Benefit Generosity”
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Burkhauser, Richard V. and Mary C. Daly.
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Burkhauser, Richard V. and Mary C. Daly.
Testing Education Tools to Demonstrate Returns to Work for Children Aging Out of the SSI-Disabled Children Program. Financial Literacy Center Working Paper No. WR-896-SSA, A Joint Center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School, November 2011.
________. The Returns to Work for Children Leaving the SSI-Disabled Children Program. Financial Literacy Center Working Paper No. WR-802-SSA, A Joint Center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School, October 2010.
Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, and Philip R. de Jong. The Role of Disability Transfer Programs on the Economic Well Being of Working-Age People with Disabilities. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. UM08-Q2, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, October 2008.
________. Curing the Dutch Disease: Lessons for United States Disability Policy. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2008-188, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2008.
Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, Jeff Larrimore, and Joyce Kwok. The Transformation of Who is Expected to Work in the United States and How it Changed the Lives of Single Mothers and People with Disabilities. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2008-187, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2008.
Butrica, Barbara A. and Gordon B.T. Mermin. Annuitized Wealth and Consumption at Older Ages. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2006-26, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, December 2006.
Campbell, Kevin, Jim Baumohl, and Sharon R. Hunt. “The Bottom Line: Employment and Barriers to Work among Former SSI DA&A Beneficiaries.”
Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 195-240.
Chatterji, Pinka and Ellen Meara. Health and Labor Market Consequences of Eliminating Federal Disability Benefits for Substance Abusers. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13407, September 2007.
Compton, Charles Michael. An Exploration of the Attitudes, Values and Beliefs of Young SSI/DI Beneficiaries At or Near the Completion of Postsecondary Education Regarding Self-Sustaining Employment. D.E. dissertation, San Diego State University, 2010.
Davies, Paul S. and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Supplemental Security Income Recipients Affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: An Analysis of Two Years of Administrative Data,”
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Davies, Paul S. and Melissa M. Favreault. Interactions between Social Security Reform and the Supplemental Security Income for the Aged. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-02, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2004.
Davies, Paul S. and Michael J. Greenwood. Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in the Supplemental Security Income Program. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2004-087, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2004.
Davies, Paul S., Kalman Rupp and David Wittenburg. “A Life-Cycle Perspective on the Transition to Adulthood Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Payments.”
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________ .
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Dobkin, Carlos and Steven L. Puller. “The Effects of Government Transfers on Monthly Cycles in Drug Abuse, Hospitalization and Mortality.”
Journal of Public Economics 91, 11-12 (December 2007): 2137-2157.
________. The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes: Evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 11568, August 2005.
Elder, Todd and Elizabeth Powers. A Longitudinal Analysis of Entries and Exits of the Low-Income Elderly to and from the Supplemental Security Income Program. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2007-156, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, October 2007.
Elder, Todd and Elizabeth Powers. Public Health Insurance and SSI Program Participation Among the Aged. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2006-117, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, April 2006.
________. “The Effect of Falling SSI Generosity on SSI Participation Among the Aged Since the 1970s.” Proceedings of the 98th Annual Conference on Taxation of the National Tax Association (2005): 400-406.
Favreault, Melissa M. and Douglas A. Wolf. Living Arrangements and Supplemental Security Income Receipt Among the Aged. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-03, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2004.
Fernandes, Adrienne L., Scott Szymendera, and Emilie Stolzfus. Child Welfare: Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefits for Children in Foster Care. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33855, February 2009.
Fraker, Thomas. “The Youth Transition Demonstration: Interim Findings and Lessons for Program Participation.” Mathematica Policy Research Issue Brief Number 11-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. October 2011.
Fraker, Thomas, Alison Black, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Bonnie O’Day, Meghan O’Toole, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Transition WORKS. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. February 2011.
Fraker, Thomas, Alison Black, Joseph Broadus, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Reanin McRoberts, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed.
The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on the City University of New York’s Project. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. April 2011.
Fraker, Thomas, Peter Baird, Alison Black, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Colorado Youth WINS. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. April 2011.
Giertz, Seth and Jeffrey Kubik. “The Disability Screening Process and the Labor Market Behavior of Accepted and Rejected Applicants: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study.”
Journal of Labor Research. 32, 3 (2011): 237-253.
Guydish, Joseph, Claudia Ponath, Alan Bostrom, Kevin M. Campbell, and Nancy Barron. “Effects of Losing SSI Benefits on Standard Drug and Alcohol Outcomes Measures.”
Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 169-193.
Haider, Steven J., Alison Jacknowitz, and Robert F. Schoeni. The Economic Status of Elderly Divorced Women. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2003-046, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, May 2003.
Hanrahan, Patricia, Daniel J. Luchin, Lea Cloninger, and James Swartz. “Medicaid Eligibility of Former Supplemental Security Income Recipients with Drug or Alcoholism Disability.”
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