G. Research on Related Topics

The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about relevant research on the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others. Section 1 of this appendix describes SSA’s major ongoing projects. Section 2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding SSI payment levels, recipients, and reform proposals published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities.

Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data matched to administrative records, SSA researchers have developed a model of financial eligibility for SSI to estimate the rate of participation among the eligible elderly and the effects of various options to modify the SSI program (see Davies et al. 2001/2002). The model suggests that the rate of participation among the eligible elderly was about 62 percent in 1991. The comparable participation rate estimate at the end of 1996 was also 62 percent. An updated version of the model uses the 2008 SIPP matched to administrative records.

We used the model to simulate the potential effects of several approaches to expand the SSI program to fight poverty among the elderly. Approaches focusing on incremental changes in the Federal benefit rate, the general income exclusion, and the resources test appear roughly equally effective in reducing the poverty gap among the elderly on a cost-equivalent basis, while two approaches focusing on relaxing the earned income exclusion are less effective (Davies, Rupp, and Strand 2004). We expanded the model to address SSI participation and financial eligibility among the working-age disabled and to assess SSI benefit restructuring options for the entire SSI population. The working-age model allows for the identification of working-age persons by their SSI financial eligibility status, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) insured status, and participation in both programs. We used the expanded model to assess SSI’s role in complementing SSDI and enhancing the safety net for the working-age population (Rupp, Davies, and Strand 2008). We simulated the effects of several approaches to changing in-kind support and maintenance rules and options for altering the calculation of the Federal benefit rate for certain living arrangement categories (Balkus et al. 2009). We also studied eligibility for Medicare buy-in programs with the financial eligibility model (see Rupp and Sears 2000; Sears 2001/2002). In unpublished internal research, we used the model to estimate the size of the population potentially eligible for the Medicare Part D low income subsidy.

The National Survey of SSI Children and Families (NSCF) addressed a number of agency policy and program objectives. One objective was to address issues specifically pertaining to the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (welfare reform). However, the survey as designed is useful for the study of a broader range of issues of current interest to policy makers. Most importantly, it allows for the analysis of a nationally representative cross-section of SSI recipient children aged 0-17 and young adults aged 18-23. Among the questions the survey answers are the following:

The NSCF data collection began July 2001 and concluded June 2002. The NSCF sample size was considerably larger for SSI children and young adults than the sample size available in other surveys. Altogether, the NSCF includes 8,535 completed interviews with 5,006 individuals who received SSI benefits in December 2000 and 5,033 who received SSI benefits in December 1996. The NSCF public-use data file and documentation is available on our website at www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/nscf.htm. Davies and Rupp (2005/2006) provides an overview of the survey and describes some key features. We discuss other analyses using these data in section c, Analytic Studies, below. Although it was a cross-sectional data collection effort, we continue to update the match between NSCF and SSI administrative records with longitudinal data on SSI program participation.

A number of studies by SSA researchers provide a better understanding of the SSI program, the elderly and disabled target populations, program interactions, and the role of the SSI program in the United States social safety net. Nicholas (2013) as well as Koenig and Rupp (2003/2004) estimate the prevalence, characteristics, and poverty status of SSI recipients living with others on SSI (who are not an eligible spouse) in the context of their individual, family and household units. In 2003 and again in 2005, SSA provided funding for interviewing supplemental samples of SSI and SSDI beneficiaries to increase the SIPP sample size available for analyses of these target groups. DeCesaro and Hemmeter (2008) examines the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants using the 2003 supplemental sample combined with the 2001 SIPP, both matched to administrative records. Bailey and Hemmeter (2014) updated this research note using the 2008 SIPP matched to 2010 administrative records to examine the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants. Rupp and Davies (2004) tracks survey respondents from the 1984 SIPP for 14 years using administrative records on SSI and SSDI participation and death events to assess the relationship between self-reported health status, disabilities, mortality, and participation in the SSI and SSDI programs. Weathers et al. (2007) uses a unique longitudinal dataset based on administrative data from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) linked to our administrative records to conduct a case study of SSI children who applied for postsecondary education at NTID. Another study uses our administrative records from August 2005 through August 2007 to analyze SSI recipients who lived in counties and parishes affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (Davies and Hemmeter 2010). Hemmeter (2009) examines the occupational distribution of SSI disability recipients aged 18-61 who work. Hemmeter and Gilby (2009) analyzes age-18 redetermination outcomes for SSI youth, including appeals of initial cessations and subsequent reapplications for benefits after a period of ineligibility, while Hemmeter (2012) looks at changes in diagnostic codes following the age-18 redetermination. Another research study examines the subsequent participation in the SSDI and SSI programs by individuals whose eligibility for those programs ceased through a continuing disability review because of medical improvements (Hemmeter and Stegman 2013). Rupp (2012) analyzes factors affecting initial disability allowance rates for the SSDI and SSI programs and finds that demographic and diagnostic characteristics of applicants and the local unemployment rate substantially affect the initial allowance rate.

Using data from the Current Population Survey matched to our administrative records, Nicholas and Wiseman (2009 and 2010) assess the impact of using administrative records on poverty estimation among elderly SSI recipients using the official and alternative definitions of poverty. Wiseman and Ycas (2008) compares the Canadian social assistance program for the elderly with the SSI program, looking at program structure, cost, and consequences for elderly poverty rates. Kemp (2010) conducts a descriptive analysis of the SSI student earned income exclusion. One ongoing study is examining the growth in SSI applications and awards among children. Another ongoing study is looking at SSI children by year of award and age at award and analyzing transitions (e.g., onto SSDI, off SSDI and SSI, mortality) as they age into adulthood. Parent, Sayman and Kulzer (2012) provides a comprehensive profile of the characteristics of disability beneficiaries with a connection to workers’ compensation or public disability benefits. Parent et al. (2012) found that 8.3 percent of disabled workers who have this connection tend to be economically better off, more frequently middle-aged, male, afflicted with a musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder, and tend to wait longer to apply for SSDI benefits after onset than the general disabled-worker population.

Several studies focus on the distributional effects of the SSI program through its interactions with other Federal and State programs. Dushi and Rupp (2013) uses longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to assess the role of SSI and related social safety net programs in providing a buffer against the potentially adverse effects of disability shocks in the near-elderly population on financial well-being. Rupp et al. (2007) provides an empirical analysis of the SSI Federal benefit rate for assessing benefit adequacy among elderly Social Security beneficiaries and the effectiveness of the SSI benefit eligibility screens for targeting economically vulnerable elderly beneficiaries. Balkus et al. (2009) examines the distributional effects of replacing current policies on living arrangements and in-kind support with a simpler, cost neutral alternative. Strand and Rupp (2007) highlights the distributional implications of Social Security reform scenarios involving a potential shift from wage indexing to price indexing or longevity indexing in the establishment of initial benefits. Strand (2010) uses matched SIPP records to examine potential eligibility for three major means-tested programs (SSI, Medicaid, and Food Stamp) among near retirees aged 55-64 and eventual SSI participation upon reaching age 65. Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008) finds that over one-third of the working-age population is covered by SSI in the event of a severe disability, which provides disability benefit coverage to many who are not SSDI-insured and enhances the potential bundle of disability cash benefits among a substantial segment of those who are SSDI-insured.

Ongoing work and previously published papers by Rupp and Riley are based on a linkage of individual-level administrative data from SSA and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. First, Rupp and Riley (2011) analyzes longitudinal patterns of interaction between SSDI and SSI and finds that one quarter of the year 2000 cohort of first-ever, working-age disability awardees received benefits from both programs over a 60-month period. A second paper (Rupp and Riley 2012) analyzes the effect of longitudinal interactions between the SSDI and SSI programs in providing access to Medicare and Medicaid, and finds that SSI facilitates high levels of Medicaid coverage for SSI awardees overall and provides access to Medicaid for many SSDI awardees during the 24-month Medicare waiting period. A third paper (Riley and Rupp, 2012) tracks expenditures for 2000-2006 for the SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid programs and finds that SSI is a relatively low-expenditure program with important implications for the other three programs. The authors conclude that SSI and Medicaid provide a temporary safety net supporting SSDI beneficiaries during their SSDI and Medicare waiting periods. Ongoing work by the authors focuses on estimated cumulative expenditure patterns over the working-age adult portion of the life cycle for the year 2000 awardees for the four programs (SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid). An additional piece of ongoing analysis focuses on the effect of State variations in Medicaid enrollment policy and implementation regimes on Medicaid coverage and expenditures. The three State policy regimes compared include: (1) automatic enrollment of SSI awardees; (2) requiring a separate Medicaid application in “Criteria States”; and (3) more restrictive Medicaid eligibility requirements in “209B States.” Coe and Rupp (2013) analyzes whether disability benefit recipients (SSDI and SSI) in States with easier access to health insurance will be more likely to work and exit from SSDI and/or SSI than their peers in States where health insurance is more difficult to access.

Wamhoff and Wiseman (2005/2006) examines the financial consequences of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)-to-SSI transfers and develops new estimates of both the prevalence of receipt of SSI benefits among families receiving cash assistance from TANF and the proportion of new SSI awards that go to adults and children residing in families receiving TANF-related benefits. Trenkamp and Wiseman (2007) addresses the connections between the SSI and Food Stamp programs. Meijer, Karoly, and Michaud (2009, 2010) analyzes eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy, which relies on a simplified SSI methodology.

A number of studies utilize the NSCF to focus on children and young adults receiving SSI. Rupp et al. (2005/2006) presents highlights from the survey characterizing SSI children with disabilities and their families. Hemmeter (2011) analyzes the unmet health care needs of SSI children after the age-18 redetermination. Additional research studies employment and caregiving patterns of parents of SSI children (Rupp and Ressler 2009), examines employment and program outcomes among young adults after their eligibility redetermination at age 18 (Hemmeter, Kauff, and Wittenburg 2009), and analyzes factors affecting out-of-pocket medical expenses and unmet health care needs of disabled children (DeCesaro and Hemmeter 2009). These papers appear in a special issue of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (volume 30, number 3, 2009) devoted to SSI children and young adults and the transition to adulthood. The special issue also includes a paper that introduces the issue and examines the life-cycle human capital development and longer-term SSI and earnings outcomes of SSI youth as they transition to adulthood (Davies, Rupp, and Wittenburg 2009), as well as two papers that focus on SSA’s Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) (Fraker and Rangarajan 2009; Luecking and Wittenburg 2009). The articles from the special issue are available on SSA’s web site at www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/JVR.html. Camacho and Hemmeter (2013) summarize the findings from two earlier YTD projects.

The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 required the Commissioner of Social Security to provide independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the Ticket to Work program. We conducted all Ticket to Work evaluation reports through an independent evaluation contractor, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Our contractor has completed the evaluation of the Ticket to Work program. There are seven Ticket to Work evaluation reports in all, and all reports are available on SSA’s website at www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/twe_reports.htm.

The findings through the fourth report indicated that, while the program may have significant potential, we need to improve both beneficiary awareness of the program and employment network (EN) incentives. Partly in response to these findings, we implemented new regulations for the Ticket to Work program in July 2008 to improve EN and beneficiary participation and outcomes. The fifth and sixth reports consist of studies focused on the employment efforts of working-age SSI recipients and SSDI beneficiaries, and on the Social Security work incentives and supports designed to encourage their employment. The seventh (final) report focused primarily on the overall success of the Ticket to Work program and on the effect of the changes to the Ticket to Work regulations in 2008.

Overall, the Ticket to Work evaluation finds that beneficiaries who use Ticket to Work generally like the program, that the program has increased use of return-to-work services, and those who participate in Ticket to Work have better outcomes than those who return to work without the help of SSA-financed employment services. However, we also find that the increase in service use and better outcomes by participants has not translated into net increases in benefit suspension or termination for work or an increase in the number of months spent in suspension or termination for work. This suggests that Ticket to Work has primarily extended the types of services that were available under the program that preceded Ticket to Work, where services were offered only though State vocational rehabilitation agencies, and has achieved the same level of success as before Ticket to Work. More beneficiaries are getting these services now, but the success rate has not measurably changed.

The Ticket to Work evaluation has also produced two by-products that will continue beyond the end of our specific evaluation efforts for the Ticket to Work program. One of the foundations of the evaluation was an annual research file, the Disability Analysis File (DAF), previously called the Ticket Research File, which contains the agency's disparate administrative data resources for all beneficiaries age 10 to full retirement age who have received disability cash benefits from the SSI; Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI); or both programs since 1996. We initially produced the DAF to support the Ticket to Work evaluation, and researchers now use it for a wide array of disability-related research.

A second foundation of the Ticket to Work evaluation was the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS). In the NBS, we collected information that is not available from our administrative records from a representative sample of SSI and OASDI disability beneficiaries. Key items of interest in the NBS include work attitudes and work-related activities, health and functional status, education, access to health insurance, household composition, and sources of income. We implemented the first four rounds between 2004 and 2010, with a particular focus on participation in the Ticket to Work program. We will conduct three additional rounds in 2015, 2017, and 2019 with a broader focus on all SSA beneficiaries who work.

Other researchers and policy analysts within SSA and at other Federal agencies and academic institutions use the DAF and the NBS for general disability research and analysis not limited to Ticket to Work program participants. Examples of these papers include: interactions between SSDI and SSI for new beneficiaries with disabilities (Rupp and Riley 2011); the differences in employment outcomes between young participants (ages 18 to 30) with psychiatric disabilities versus young participants with other disabilities (Schimmel, Liu, and Croake 2012); the impact of workplace injuries on receipt of SSDI benefits (O'Leary et al. 2012); and work activities and employment outcomes for our beneficiaries with disabilities in seven articles in a special issue of the Social Security Bulletin (volume 71, number 3, 2011).

In 2004, through the Homeless Outreach Project (HOPE), we awarded funds to 41 service providers nationwide to provide outreach services to people who are homeless. We trained these service providers so they could help individuals who are homeless with our disability application process. In October 2007, Westat, the evaluation contractor, released the final evaluation report. We are currently conducting a longitudinal evaluation of HOPE. Findings from this analysis will be available in 2014.

The YTD established partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youths age 14-25 who receive (or could receive) SSI or OASDI payments based on their own disability. The YTD projects included service delivery systems and a broad array of services and supports to assist youth with disabilities in their transition from school to employment and to help them gain economic self-sufficiency.

YTD began in 2003, with seven projects in six States. In 2007, we piloted new projects in five States, choosing three new projects in Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia. These three projects joined three (Colorado; Bronx County, New York; and Erie County, New York) of the original seven projects in a random assignment study. This study will produce the first evaluation of the empirical evidence of the effects of youth transition programs and modified SSI work incentives.

The modified SSI program rules that we tested under the YTD included five program waivers.

The YTD projects in Colorado and New York ended in 2010. The Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia projects ended in 2012. We have released the 12-month, post-random-assignment reports for all the sites to the public. We published a 24-month, post-random-assignment report covering all the sites in the February 2014 edition of the Social Security Bulletin (Hemmeter 2014). A comprehensive final report of the six random assignment projects is due in August 2014.

While it is too early to determine the final outcomes of YTD, preliminary results show some promise of increased earnings and employment. Florida and West Virginia show positive impacts on paid employment during the year after participants entered the evaluation. In Florida, 23 percent of participants in the program group worked for pay during that year, compared with just 13 percent of control group members. In West Virginia, 43 percent of program group members worked for pay, compared with 24 percent of control group members.

The Florida, West Virginia, and Bronx, New York YTD programs had positive effects on participant income. Program group members in Florida earned an average of $895 during the year after they entered the evaluation, which was $306 more than control group members earned, a difference of about 52 percent. Participants in the West Virginia program group earned an average of $1,559 in the year after they entered the evaluation, which was just over 50 percent more than the $1,035 earned by control group members.

Several youths took advantage of the modified program rules (listed in bullets above); however, these were generally limited to the rules that were automatically applied if a youth worked ($3-for-$4 earned income exclusion) or participated in the project. Given the patterns of use, program waivers are unlikely to be a significant factor in the return-to-work effort for youth.

Our findings from YTD influenced the development of Promoting Readiness of Minors in SSI
(PROMISE) project, a joint initiative of SSA and the Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, and Labor that funds model demonstration projects in several States to promote positive outcomes for children with disabilities who receive SSI and their families (described in section j).

Both welfare agencies and the SSI program seek to support low-income people with disabilities and help them become more independent. However, the two systems often have differing missions and organization, definitions of disability, operational and financial issues, and work rules and incentives, making it challenging for the TANF and SSI programs to work together. TANF clients who apply for SSI may confront conflicting messages from TANF agencies regarding work requirements and benefit eligibility. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) and Social Security Advisory Board recommended that we work with the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) to address serious concerns in Congress among stakeholders that the TANF and SSI lacked the coordination necessary to serve the public effectively and efficiently.

In response to these concerns and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the TANF and SSI populations and programs, our Office of Research, Demonstration, and Employment Support and ACF launched the TANF-SSI Disability Transition Project in October 2008. Working with ACF, TANF agencies in California, Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York, select counties in these States, and the evaluation firm MDRC, we analyzed program data and examined State and county program coordination, and pilot-testing program innovations for TANF clients with disabilities. SSA, ACF, TANF agencies, and low-income individuals with disabilities and their families would benefit from more effective and efficient services—moving toward employment when possible, making informed decisions about applying for SSI, receiving SSI as quickly as possible if eligible, and reducing administrative costs.

Our analysis of merged TANF and SSI administrative data and field assessments in seven sites identified the following:

We pilot-tested programmatic innovations in three States, revealing two main findings:

On December 31, 2013, the project concluded with final reports on data analysis, program coordination, pilot test observations, and options for a larger demonstration project that builds on these findings (Barden 2013, Farrell 2013, Farrell et al. 2013, Farrell and Walter 2013, Pardoe 2013, Skemer and Bayes 2013).

To determine whether disability applicants qualify for benefits, our adjudicators follow a sequential five-step evaluation process. At steps four and five, we require information about work in the national economy to determine whether claimants' impairment-related limitations would prevent them from working. The majority of our claims are decided at steps four and five. Currently, we base these medical-vocational decisions on the occupational information found in the Department of Labor's (DOL) Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and its companion volume, the Selected Characteristics of Occupations. Although DOL did not design the DOT for our use, we adapted our disability program to it by incorporating many of its concepts and definitions into our regulations and policy. DOL, however, stopped updating the DOT in 1991 and replaced it with the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), which we are not able to use in our disability adjudication process without significant modifications. Neither the outdated DOT nor O*NET can effectively and efficiently meet our disability adjudication needs. We also could not identify any other existing Occupational Information System (OIS) that would meet our unique needs.

In July 2012, we signed an interagency agreement with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to test the feasibility of using the National Compensation Survey (NCS) platform to collect updated occupational information similar to what our adjudicators currently use. We approached the BLS because the field economists working on the NCS were already collecting information about occupations that was conceptually close to what we need. Under our agreement, the BLS will collect information about the physical, skill, and mental/cognitive requirements of occupations as well as the environmental factors to which workers are exposed. This information will support our current disability policy and will provide us with data about work in the current economy to inform future policy. Initially BLS will aggregate occupational data using the O*NET classification system.

We signed additional agreements with the BLS for fiscal years 2013 and 2014 to continue testing. In fiscal year 2013, the BLS conducted data collection testing in three phases. After each test phase, the BLS reported results to us, and we worked together to improve the survey and protocols. We expect to continue testing in fiscal year 2014 to resolve outstanding issues identified in fiscal year 2013 and to test collecting new data elements that describe the mental demands of occupations. The BLS will conclude fiscal year 2014 testing by performing a large-scale preproduction data collection test that will end in fiscal year 2015. The BLS will design a sampling plan and we will need to develop a plan for updating our occupation descriptions.

In 2013, we met periodically with DOL's Employment and Training Administration (ETA) to discuss whether it is possible to incorporate elements of O*NET with the data collected by the BLS for use in our OIS. We have discussed the possibility of using the O*NET Internet portal to house our OIS, and ETA staff have helped us understand the options available to us for funding our information technology platform. During fiscal year 2014 we will explore these options in depth, and in fiscal year 2015 we will begin developing the web-based platform to house the OIS. We will continue working with ETA during the coming year.

The goal of the Homeless with Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability (HSPD) Pilot Demonstration is to improve the economic well-being of adult SSI applicants who are both homeless and diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We partnered with clinicians and case managers in California from the Health Services Agencies of San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties, the Department of Public Health of the City of San Francisco, and the Department of Mental Health of Los Angeles County, who are actively assisting their clients to navigate the SSI application process and have established relationships with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who are also homeless. There are two main features of the project: (1) the SSI application assistance; and (2) the use of presumptive disability (PD). The clinicians and case managers assist these individuals with gathering supporting medical evidence, coordinating medical appointments, and submitting the SSI application. Along with the SSI application, a Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form, created for this pilot demonstration, is also submitted. Clinicians from the community agencies certify that the applicant meets the SSA criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. To provide economic relief to the applicant while we process the application, we pay up to 6 months of SSI payments to the applicant based on PD. Applicants are not required to pay back these payments if we ultimately deny their applications, as long as we did not deny the applications for non-medical reasons; therefore, there must be a high degree of probability that the applicant is disabled when we confer PD SSI payments. Our field offices generally make PD findings only for specific disability categories, which do not include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Project implementation began in April 2012, with a goal of recruiting at least 200 participants. We met this enrollment goal and completed the implementation phase in April 2014. The community partners identified 259 individuals to assist through the SSI application process. As of May 5, 2014, we approved 237 of these applicants, denied 7, and 15 are pending. We are subsequently moving to the evaluation phase of the demonstration.

In our evaluation, we will examine whether the program improves the administration of the SSI application and determination process. The evaluation is based on a quasi-experimental design, in which we will compare outcomes for applicants who receive assistance and PD payments with applicants from a previous period and applicants in surrounding areas. Within this framework, we plan to examine differences in initial allowance rates, appeals, failure-to-cooperate denials, processing times, total payments, exits from SSI, mortality, and the need for consultative exams. We expect to complete the evaluation by December 2014.

PROMISE is a joint project between SSA and the Departments of Education (ED), Labor, and Health and Human Services. The goals of the project are to improve the provision and coordination of services and supports for children with disabilities who receive SSI and their families in order to achieve improved education and employment outcomes. The targeted outcomes include completing postsecondary education and job training to obtain competitive employment in an integrated setting that may result in long-term reductions in the child recipient's reliance on SSI. In 2013, ED funded model demonstration projects in five individual States (Arkansas, California, Maryland, New York, and Wisconsin) and one consortium of States (Arizona, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah) for 5 years. SSA is responsible for evaluating PROMISE.

Each PROMISE project will enroll 2,000 youths; youths ages 14-16 are eligible and will be randomly assigned to a treatment or control group within each project. Each PROMISE project will provide youths randomly assigned into the treatment group services including: case management; benefits counseling; career and work-based learnings experiences; and parent/guardian training and information. Youths randomly assigned to a control group will receive the services usually available in their communities.

The PROMISE evaluation will include process, impact, and cost-benefit analyses. Enrollment began in April 2014 and will continue through April 2016. Services will continue through late 2018. The first evaluation reports (on the process analyses and short-term impacts) will be available in late 2016. The final evaluation report (on the longer-term impacts and cost-benefit analyses) will be available in 2022.

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Schimmel, Jody and David C. Stapleton. “How Many Disability Beneficiaries Forgo Cash Benefits Because of Work? Evidence From a New Measure.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-03. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., February 2012.

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________. “Supplemental Security Income, Welfare Reform, and the Recession.” Communities & Banking 24, 3 (2013): 20-21.

Sears, James. “Comparing Beneficiaries of the Medicare Savings Programs with Eligible Nonparticipants.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 3 (2001/2002): 76-80.

Skemer, Melanie and Brian Bayes. Examining the Interaction Between Welfare and Disability: Lessons from an In-Depth Data Analysis, OPRE Report 2013-49, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.

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Soss, Joe and Lael R. Keiser. The Political Roots of Disability Claims: How State Environments and Policies Shape Citizen Demand. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1292-05, January 2005.

Stapleton, David, Burt Barnow, Kevin Coleman, Kimberly Dietrich, Jeff Furman, and Gilbert Lo. Labor Market Conditions, Socioeconomic Factors, and the Growth of Applications and Awards for SSDI and SSI Disability Benefits, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, May 23, 1995.

Stapleton, David, Cindy Gruman, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Participation in Ticket to Work Continues to Grow but Assignments Under the Traditional Payment System Still Dominate.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 3. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.

________. “Participation in Ticket to Work Continues to Grow but Assignments Under the Traditional Payment System Still Dominate.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Stapleton, David C., Gina Livermore, Craig Thornton, Bonnie O’Day, Robert Weathers, Krista Harrison, So O’Neil, Emily Sama Martin, and David Wittenburg. Ticket to Work at the Crossroads: A Solid Foundation with an Uncertain Future. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, September 2008.

Stapleton, David, Gina Livermore, Andrea Zeuschner, Jeffery Furman, Kimberly Dietrich, and Gilbert Lo. Impairment Trends in the Growth of Applications and Awards for SSA Disability Benefits, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, May 24, 1995.

Stapleton, David C., and Frank H. Martin. Vocational Rehabilitation on the Road to Social Security Disability: Longitudinal Statistics from Matched Administrative Data. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2012-269. University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2012.

Stapleton, David, Jody Schimmel, and Miriam Loewenberg. “Time that Beneficiaries Spend Off the Rolls Due to Work and the Payments Generated for Employment Networks.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Strand, Alexander. “Low Levels of Retirement Resources in the Near-Elderly Time Period and Future Participation in Means-Tested Programs.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 1 (2010): 1-21.

Strand, Alexander and Kalman Rupp. “Disabled Workers and the Indexing of Social Security Benefits.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 4 (2007): 21-50.

Sweeney, Eileen P. and Shawn Fremstad. Supplemental Security Income: Supporting People with Disabilities and the Elderly Poor. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 2005.

Szymendera, Scott. CRS Issue Statement on Disability Benefits. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. IS40283, January 2010.

________. Potential Effect of Marriage on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Eligibility and Benefits. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33675, January 2008.

________. Social Security Administration: Suspension of Benefits for Fugitive Felons. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22355, December 2005.

________. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Proposed Changes to the Disability Determination and Appeals Processes. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33179, April 2006.

Szymendera, Scott and Carol D. Davis. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Benefit Changes for California Residents, 2006 and 2007. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22365, January 2006.

Thornton, Craig. Can the Ticket to Work Program Be Self-Financing? Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, April 2012.

Thornton, Craig, Thomas Fraker, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, Bonnie O’Day, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, John Kregel, and Debra Wright. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program: Implementation Experience During the Second Two Years of Operation (2003-2004). Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, January 2006.

Thornton, Craig, Gina Livermore, Thomas Fraker, David Stapleton, Bonnie O’Day, David Wittenburg, Robert Weathers, Nanette Goodman, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, Jesse Gregory, Debra Wright, and Arif Mamun. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work: Program Assessment of Post-Rollout Implementation and Early Impacts. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, May 2007.

Trenkamp, Brad and Michael Wiseman. “The Food Stamp Program and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 4 (2007): 71-87.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, No. 12 Estimates of Supplemental Security Income Eligibility for Children in Out-of-Home Placements. Research Brief. Washington, DC: Administration for Children and Families, February 2008.

U.S. Government Accountability Office. Highlights of a Forum: Actions that Could Increase Work Participation for Adults with Disabilities. GAO-10-812SP, 2010.

________. Modernizing SSA Disability Programs: Preliminary Observations on Updates of Medical and Occupational Criteria. GAO-12-511T, 2012.

________. Modernizing SSA Disability Programs: Progress Made, but Key Efforts Warrant More Management Focus. GAO-12-420, 2012.

________. Social Security Disability: Management of Disability Claims Workload Will Require Comprehensive Planning. Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Social Security and Income Security and Family Support, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, GAO-10-667T, 2010.

________. Social Security Reform: Raising the Retirement Ages Would Have Implications for Older Workers and SSA Disability Rolls. Report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate, GAO-11-125, 2010.

________. SSA Disability Programs: Progress and Challenges Related to Modernizing. GAO-12-891T, 2012.

________. SSA Disability Representatives: Fee Payment Changes Show Promise, but Eligibility Criteria and Representative Overpayments Require Further Monitoring. Report to Congressional Committees, GAO-08-5, 2007.

________. SSA Has Taken Steps to Prevent and Detect Overpayments, but Additional Actions Could be Taken to Improve Oversight. GAO-13-109, 2012.

________. Students with Disabilities: Better Federal Coordination Could Lessen Challenges in the Transition from High School. GAO-12-594, 2012.

________. Supplemental Security Income: Better Management Oversight Needed for Children's Benefits. GAO-12-497, 2012.

________. Ticket to Work Participation Has Increased, but Additional Oversight Needed. GAO-11-324, 2011.

________. Work Activity Indicates Certain Social Security Disability Insurance Payments Were Potentially Improper. GAO-13-635, 2013.

U.S. Social Security Administration. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin. SSA Pub. No. 13-11700, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

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U.S. Social Security Administration. SSI Recipients by State and County. SSA Pub. No. 13-11976, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

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Wamhoff, Steve and Michael Wiseman. “The TANF/SSI Connection.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 4 (2005/2006): 21-36.

Weathers, Robert R. II., Gerard Walter, Sara Schley, John Hennessey, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Richard V. Burkhauser. “How Postsecondary Education Improves Adult Outcomes for Supplemental Security Income Children with Severe Hearing Impairments.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 2 (2007): 101-131.

Weaver, Robert D. and Ruthanne L. Hackman. “A New Era for Legal Immigrants?: Rethinking Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act.” Journal of Policy Practice 8, 1 (2009): 54-68.

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Wiseman, Michael and Martynas Ycas. “The Canadian Safety Net for the Elderly.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 2 (2008): 53-67.

Wittenburg, David and Pamela J. Loprest. “Early Transition Experiences of Transition-Age Child SSI Recipients: New Evidence from the National Survey of Children and Families.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 18, 3 (2007): 176-187.

Wittenburg, David, David R. Mann, and Allison Thompkins. “The Disability System and Programs to Promote Employment for People with Disabilities.” IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2, 4 (2013).

Wittenburg, David and Sandi Nelson. A Guide to Disability Statistics from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, February 2006.

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2014 Annual Report of the SSI Program