Singapore

Old Age, Disability, and Survivors

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1953 (provident fund), implemented in 1955.

Current law: 2001 (provident fund), with 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 amendments.

Type of program: Provident fund system.

Note: Central Provident Fund (CPF) operates four types of individual accounts: an ordinary account to finance the purchase of a home, approved investments, CPF insurance, and education; a special account, principally for old-age provisions; a medisave account to pay for hospital treatment, medical benefits, and approved medical insurance; and, from age 55, a retirement account to finance periodic payments from age 62.

Coverage

Employed persons, including most categories of public-sector employees, earning more than S$50 a month.

Self-employed persons earning an annual net trade income greater than S$6,000 are covered for hospitalization expenses and approved medical insurance.

Special system for certain categories of public-sector employees, including administrative service staff.

Source of Funds

Insured person: None if monthly earnings are less than S$500; 60% of the amount over S$500 if monthly earnings are between S$500 and S$750; 20% of monthly earnings up to S$900 if monthly earnings are over S$750.

Depending on the fund member's age, between 0% and 22% of the total insured person and employer contributions are placed in the ordinary account, between 0% and 7% are placed in the special account, and between 6% and 8.5% are placed in the medisave account. The medisave account covers the cost of hospitalization and medical expenses (see Sickness and Maternity, below). The maximum monthly contributions to the medisave account (depending on age) are between S$270 and S$382.50.

Fund members aged 50 or older contribute at lower rates.

The maximum monthly earnings for contribution purposes are S$4,500.

Insured persons may make additional voluntary contributions. The total insured person and employer voluntary and mandatory contributions must not exceed S$25,245 a year.

Mandatory contributions are tax-deductible, up to a specified limit.

Self-employed person: Between 6% and 8% (depending on age) of annual income to the medisave account only. Additional voluntary contributions are possible, up to a maximum.

The maximum monthly contribution to the medisave account (depending on age) is between S$270 and S$382.50.

Mandatory contributions are tax-deductible, up to a specified limit.

Employer: None on behalf of employees with monthly earnings less than S$50; 13% of monthly wages for employees with earnings greater than S$50 but no more than S$750; 13% of monthly wages up to S$585 for employees with monthly earnings greater than S$750.

Contributions on behalf of all employed fund members aged 50 or older are paid at lower rates.

The maximum monthly earnings for contribution purposes are S$4,500.

Employers may make additional voluntary contributions on behalf of employees. The total employer and insured person voluntary and mandatory contributions must not exceed S$25,245 a year.

Government: None.

Qualifying Conditions

Old-age benefit: Contributions are allocated to three separate accounts, and individual savings can be accessed under certain conditions.

Ordinary account: Funds can be withdrawn at age 55 subject to certain conditions.

Drawdown payment: Funds can be drawn down before age 55 to purchase a home or insurance (term-life insurance scheme and a mortgage-reducing insurance scheme operated by the Central Provident Fund), invest in approved instruments, and pay for education at approved local institutions for the member or his or her children.

Special account: Funds can be withdrawn at age 55 subject to certain conditions.

Drawdown payment: Funds can be drawn down before age 55 to make investments in approved instruments.

Medisave account: Funds in excess of S$28,500 (the medisave minimum sum) can first be withdrawn at age 55. The cessation of employment is not necessary.

Drawdown payment: Funds can be drawn down before age 55 to purchase medical insurance for the member and dependents from the Central Provident Fund or approved private providers.

Retirement account: At age 55, a retirement account is established in which fund members must place a maximum of S$94,600 (up to 50% of which can be pledged property). The cash proportion ensures monthly income from age 62 (age 60 for certain occupations), until the account is empty.

All funds may be withdrawn at any age if a member permanently emigrates from Singapore.

Disability benefit: Must be assessed with a permanent total incapacity for any work. The disability is assessed either by a registered doctor in any government hospital or by the Central Provident Fund Board's panel of doctors.

Survivor benefit: Paid to the survivor(s) named by the fund member.

Old-Age Benefits

Ordinary and special accounts: A lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions, plus at least 2.5% (ordinary account) and 4% (special account) compound interest, minus drawdown payments and the cash proportion of the retirement account.

Medisave account: At age 55, fund members must leave at least S$28,000 in the medisave account to meet the cost of future hospitalization. Savings in excess of S$28,000 (the medisave minimum sum) can be withdrawn subject to certain conditions. The account earns compound interest of at least 4%.

Drawdown payment: Up to S$800 (S$660 for medical insurance bought from the Central Provident Fund Board) per insured person per policy year can be used to purchase medical insurance. Fund members can purchase medical insurance for their dependents.

Retirement account: At age 55, a retirement account is established in which fund members must place a maximum of S$94,600 (up to 50% of which can be pledged property). The cash proportion ensures monthly income of S$750 from age 62 (age 60 for certain occupations), until the account is empty. The account earns compound interest of at least 4%. Funds can be deposited with a bank, left in the Central Provident Fund retirement account, or used to buy a life annuity from an insurance company. Annuities are first payable at age 62 or older.

Interest rate: Members receive a market-related interest rate (based on the 12-month fixed deposit and month-end savings rates of the major local banks) on their savings. Savings in the medisave, special, and retirement accounts earn additional interest of 1.5 percentage points above the annually credited interest rate. The Central Provident Fund Board guarantees a minimum rate of interest of 2.5% per year. Interest is computed monthly and compounded and credited annually.

Permanent Disability Benefits

Ordinary, medisave, and special accounts: A lump sum is paid equal to total employee and employer contributions, plus at least 2.5% (ordinary account) and 4% (medisave and special accounts) compound interest, minus drawdown payments; and after setting aside S$33,110 to provide monthly payments for 7 years and at least S$28,000 (the medisave minimum sum) in the medisave account to meet the cost of future hospitalization. If the insured is unable to set aside S$33,110 and at least S$28,000 (the medisave minimum sum) in the medisave account, monthly payments funded by ordinary and special account balances are provided instead of a lump sum.

Medisave account: Disabled fund members must leave at least S$28,000 (the medisave minimum sum) in the medisave account to meet the cost of future hospitalization. The account earns compound interest of at least 4%.

Drawdown payment: Up to S$800 (S$660 for medical insurance bought from the Central Provident Fund Board) per insured person per policy year can be used to purchase medical insurance. Fund members can purchase medical insurance for their dependents.

Interest rate: Members receive a market-related interest rate (based on the 12-month fixed deposit and month-end savings rates of the major local banks) on their savings. Savings in the medisave, special, and retirement accounts earn additional interest of 1.5 percentage points above the annually credited interest rate. The Central Provident Fund Board guarantees a minimum rate of interest of 2.5% per year. Interest is computed monthly and compounded and credited annually.

Survivor Benefits

Survivor benefit (all accounts): The benefit is equal to the remaining balances in the deceased's accounts and any term-life insurance payouts.

The fund member determines the proportion of benefit that different survivors receive. In the absence of named survivors, the benefit is distributed by the Public Trustee in accordance with the law.

Administrative Organization

Ministry of Manpower provides general supervision through its Income Security Policy Department.

Managed by a tripartite board and a chairman, the Central Provident Fund is responsible for the administration of the program, including the custody of the fund, collection of contributions, and payment of benefits.

Members' funds are invested in Singapore government bonds and placed in advance deposits with the Monetary Authority of Singapore pending the issue of such bonds. The insurance fund is managed by institutional fund members and the Central Provident Fund Board.

Sickness and Maternity

Regulatory Framework

First laws: 1953 (provident fund), implemented in 1955; and 1968 (employment).

Current laws: 1996 (employment); and 2001 (provident fund), with 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 amendments.

Type of program: Employer-liability (cash sickness and maternity benefits), provident fund (medical benefits), and social assistance (medical benefits) system.

Coverage

Cash benefits (employer liability): All employed persons.

Medical benefits (provident fund): Employed and self-employed persons with annual net income greater than S$6,000.

Special system for certain categories of public-sector employees, including administrative service staff.

Medical benefits (social assistance): Singapore citizens unable to pay for medical treatment in approved hospitals and medical institutions can apply for financial aid from the medifund program. The amount of financial aid provided depends on individual circumstances. Under the separate public assistance program, individuals without employment or any source of income may be given free medical treatment at government hospitals and clinics.

Source of Funds

Insured person

Cash benefits (employer liability): None.

Medical benefits (provident fund): See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.

Medical benefits (social assistance): None.

Self-employed person

Cash benefits (employer liability): Not applicable.

Medical benefits (provident fund): See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.

Medical benefits (social assistance): None.

Employer

Cash benefits (employer liability): The total cost.

Medical benefits (provident fund): See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.

Medical benefits (social assistance): None.

Government

Cash benefits (employer liability): None.

Medical benefits (provident fund): Fund members are subsidized when using certain classes of hospital wards.

Medical benefits (social assistance): The total cost.

Qualifying Conditions

Cash sickness benefit (employer liability): Must have at least 6 months' employment. Medical certification is necessary.

Cash maternity benefit (employer liability): Must have at least 180 days' employment immediately before childbirth.

Medical benefits (provident fund): Must be a member of the medisave program. (Members can access savings in their medisave account.)

Medical benefits (social assistance): Provided to citizens satisfying tests of means and income.

Sickness and Maternity Benefits

Cash sickness benefit (employer liability): Up to 14 days of paid sick leave are provided a year (up to 60 days if hospitalized).

Cash maternity benefit (employer liability): The benefit is equal to 100% of the female employee's gross wages.

Working mothers are provided with up to 12 weeks of maternity leave. Employers pay for the first 8 weeks of leave for the first two births. Government reimburses employers for the additional 4-week leave period for the first two births and pays for the entire 12-week leave period for the third and fourth births, if the qualifying conditions are met. Government reimbursement is capped at S$10,000 each for the first two births and S$30,000 each for the 3rd and 4th births.

Workers' Medical Benefits

Outpatient treatment and inpatient hospital care are provided through government hospitals and approved private hospitals and medical institutions. Benefits include day-surgery treatment and prescribed medicines. The cost of medical treatment is deducted from the fund member's balance in the medisave account for approved treatments.

Medical consultation fees are paid by the employer.

The medisave account can be used to pay for the childbirth and prenatal expenses incurred for the first four live childbirths; also for the birth of the fifth and subsequent children if both parents have a combined medisave account balance of at least S$15,000 at the time of the childbirth.

Patients in hospital wards receive subsidies ranging from 20% to 80% of costs.

Maximum limits apply to costs deducted from the medisave account for different types of services (such as a maximum of S$300 for daily hospital charges, including a maximum of S$50 for a doctor's daily attendance fees).

Dependents' Medical Benefits

Members can use savings in their medisave account to help pay for the medical expenses of their spouse, children, parents, and grandparents. Grandparents must be Singapore citizens or reside permanently in Singapore.

The medical benefits, subsidies, and maximum limits on cost are the same as for the insured person.

Administrative Organization

Employer liability: Ministry of Manpower provides general supervision and enforces the law through its labor relations department.

Provident fund: Ministry of Manpower provides general supervision and enforces the law through its Income Security Policy Department.

Managed by a tripartite board and a chairman, the Central Provident Fund is responsible for the administration of the program, including custody of the fund, collection of contributions, and payment of benefits.

Medical benefits: Ministry of Health provides medical services through government hospitals and private providers.

Work Injury

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1933 (workmen's compensation).

Current law: 1975 (workmen's compensation), with 1980 and 1990 amendments.

Type of program: Employer-liability system, involving compulsory insurance with a private carrier (unless exempted).

Coverage

All manual labor; nonmanual labor earning S$1,600 a month or less.

Exclusions: Self-employed persons, nonmanual labor with earnings greater than S$1,600 a month, domestic and casual workers, home workers, and family labor.

Special system for the police.

Source of Funds

Insured person: None.

Self-employed person: Not applicable.

Employer: The total cost, through the direct provision of benefits or insurance premiums.

Government: None.

Qualifying Conditions

Work injury benefits: There is no minimum qualifying period, but claims must be made within 1 year of the date of the accident.

Temporary Disability Benefits

The benefit is equal to 100% of the insured's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before the onset of disability and is paid for up to 14 days if not hospitalized (up to 60 days if hospitalized); thereafter, the benefit is equal to 2/3 of the insured's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before the onset of disability.

The benefit is payable from the first day of incapacity for a maximum of 1 year.

Permanent Disability Benefits

If the insured has an assessed degree of permanent disability of 100% (total disability), a lump sum is paid that varies according to the insured's age at the onset of disability and average monthly earnings.

The lump sum varies from 6 years of the insured's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before the onset of disability (if aged 66 or older) to 12 years of the insured's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before the onset of disability (if aged 40 or younger).

The minimum lump sum is S$49,000.

The maximum lump sum is S$147,000.

Constant-attendance supplement: If the insured has an assessed degree of permanent disability of 100% (total disability) and requires the constant attendance of another person, an additional grant equal to 25% of the lump sum is paid. Medical certification must be provided by a registered doctor.

Partial disability: A lump sum is paid equal to the lesser of the assessed degree of disability times S$147,000 or the assessed degree of disability times the insured's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before the onset of disability times a multiplying factor according to the schedule in law.

Survivor Benefits

A lump sum is paid that varies according to the insured's age at the time of death and average monthly earnings.

The lump sum varies from 4 years of the deceased's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before death (if the deceased was aged 66 or older) to 9 years of the deceased's average monthly earnings in the 12 months before death (if the deceased was aged 40 or younger).

Eligible survivors are a spouse, parents, grandparents, stepparents, children, grandchildren, stepchildren, and brothers and sisters. Survivors need not have been dependent. The Commissioner for Labor splits the lump sum among eligible survivors.

The minimum lump sum is S$37,000.

The maximum lump sum is S$111,000.

Administrative Organization

Ministry of Manpower provides general supervision through its Work Injury Compensation Branch, Occupational Safety and Health Division.

Commissioner for Labor, part of the Ministry of Manpower, enforces the law, approves agreements between employers and claimants, and distributes survivor benefits.

Employers must insure against liability with private insurance companies. The Ministry of Manpower may exempt any employer or class of employers from compulsory insurance. Exempted classes of employers include the government, statutory boards, financial companies, retail shops, and hotels.