Russia

Old Age, Disability, and Survivors

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1922.

Current laws: 1995 (disability); 1996 (mandatory pension insurance); 1998 (nonstate pension funds); 2001 (public pensions); 2001 (labor pensions); 2001 (mandatory pension insurance); 2002 (early labor pension); 2002 (insurance period); 2002 (investments); 2004 (tax code), implemented in 2005; 2009 (social insurance contributions), implemented in 2010; 2011 (funded pensions); 2013 (mandatory pension insurance), implemented in 2014; 2013 (insurance pensions), implemented in 2015; and 2013 (funded pensions), implemented in 2015.

Type of program: Social insurance, individual account, and social assistance system.

Note: A system of individual accounts was introduced in 2011 for persons born in 1967 or later. Currently, contributions to individual accounts are diverted to social insurance.

Coverage

Employed citizens, self-employed persons, and independent farmers.

Special systems for civil servants, military and police personnel, and war veterans.

Source of Funds

Insured person: None.

Self-employed person: In general, for those with annual income less than 300,000 rubles, an annual contribution of 17,328.48 rubles.

Different contribution rates apply for certain categories of self-employed person.

Employer: 22% of payroll.

The maximum annual earnings used to calculate contributions are 796,000 rubles plus 10% of payroll exceeding this ceiling for general categories of employers. Reduced contribution rates apply for certain groups of employers.

Government: The total cost of social pensions. Regional and local governments may finance supplementary benefits.

Qualifying Conditions

Old-age pension

Old-age insurance pension (social insurance): Age 60 (men) or age 55 (women) with at least seven years of coverage (gradually rising by one year each year until reaching 15 years in 2024) and at least nine pension points (gradually rising to 30 pension points by 2025).

The number of pension points depends on the number of contributions and the length of the insurance record.

The qualifying conditions are reduced for persons who have worked in the far-north region or in hazardous or dangerous work, for mothers who have five or more children or children with disabilities, and for some specified professional categories, such as teachers. Unemployed persons may claim the pension up to two years early (aged 58 to 59 (men) or aged 53 to 54 (women)) with approval from the employment services.

Deferred pension: The pension may be deferred.

Retirement is not necessary. There is no income test for a working pensioner.

The old-age insurance pension is payable abroad in accordance with national legislation and reciprocal agreements.

State length-of-service pension (social insurance): Paid to civil servants and military and police personnel with at least 15 years of service.

State social old-age pension (social assistance): Age 65 (men) or age 60 (women) and does not qualify for the old-age insurance pension.

The state social pension is not payable abroad.

Retirement is not necessary. There is no income test for a working pensioner.

Disability pension

Disability insurance pension (social insurance): Must be assessed with a Group I disability (100% loss of working capacity and requires constant attendance), a Group II disability (100% loss of working capacity and does not require constant attendance), or Group III disability (at least a 50% loss of working capacity and does not require constant attendance), and have at least one day of work (no minimum qualifying period for persons younger than age 20 whose disability is due to illness).

State disability pension (social insurance): Paid to disabled persons who were injured in World War II, military service, or a major industrial accident.

The state disability pension is payable abroad in accordance with national legislation and reciprocal agreements.

State social disability pension (social assistance): Assessed with a Group I, II, or III disability with no work history, or disabled since childhood (or younger than age 18).

Survivor pension

Survivor insurance pension (social insurance): Paid irrespective of the deceased's length-of-service and coverage periods.

Eligible survivors include a dependent, nonworking family member caring for a child younger than age 14 or disabled; children, brothers, sisters, and grandchildren up to age 18 (age 23 if a student, no limit if disabled since childhood); and widow(er)s, parents, or grandparents aged 60 or older (men) or aged 55 or older (women) or disabled.

The survivor insurance pension is payable abroad in accordance with national legislation and reciprocal agreements.

State social survivor pension (social assistance): Paid if the deceased did not qualify for an old-age or disability insurance pension.

The social survivor pension is not payable abroad.

Old-Age Benefits

Old-age insurance pension (social insurance): The pension is the sum of the insured's pension points multiplied by the value of a pension point in the year the pension is claimed, plus a basic flat-rate benefit.

The value of a pension point is 74.27 rubles.

The basic monthly flat-rate benefit for a pensioner up to age 80 with no dependents is 4,558.93 rubles, 6,078.57 rubles with one dependent, 7,598.12 rubles with two dependents, and 9,117.85 rubles with three or more dependents.

The basic monthly flat-rate amount for a pensioner aged 80 or older is 9,117.86 rubles with no dependents, 10,637.50 rubles with one dependent, 12,157.14 rubles with two dependents, and 13,676.78 rubles with three or more dependents.

For persons who contributed to an individual account, the individual account balance is paid in addition to the old-age insurance pension.

Deferred pension: Calculated in the same way as the old-age insurance pension.

State length-of-service pension (social insurance): The benefit is calculated according to the length of state service and the value of wages earned.

State social old-age pension (social assistance): The pension is a percentage of the basic flat-rate portion of the old-age insurance pension.

Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted according to changes in the inflation rate and the average wage.

Permanent Disability Benefits

Disability insurance pension (social insurance): The pension is the sum of the insured's pension points multiplied by the value of a pension point in the year the pension is claimed, plus a basic flat-rate benefit.

The value of a pension point is 74.27 rubles.

For a pensioner with no dependents, the basic monthly flat-rate amount is 9,117.86 rubles (Group I), 4,558.93 rubles (Group II), or 2,279.47 rubles (Group III). For a pensioner with one dependent, 10,637.50 rubles (Group I), 5,078.57 rubles (Group II), or 3,799.11 rubles (Group III). For a pensioner with two dependents, 12,157.14 rubles (Group I), 7,598.21 rubles (Group II), or 5,318.75 rubles (Group III). For a pensioner with three or more dependents, 13,676.78 rubles (Group I), 9,117.85 rubles (Group II), or 6,838.39 rubles (Group III).

State disability pension (social insurance): Benefits are set by the government according to categories of beneficiaries and increased according to the number of dependents.

State social disability pension (social assistance): 11,903.51 rubles a month is paid if assessed with a Group I disability and disabled since childhood (or if younger than age 18); 9,919.73 rubles with a Group I disability and not disabled since childhood or with a Group II disability since childhood; 4,959.85 rubles with a Group II disability and not disabled since childhood; and 4,215.90 rubles with a Group III disability.

Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted according to changes in the inflation rate and the average wage.

Survivor Benefits

Survivor insurance pension (social insurance): The pension is the sum of the insured's pension points multiplied by the value of a pension point in the year the pension is claimed, plus a basic flat-rate benefit.

The value of a pension point is 74.27 rubles.

The basic monthly flat-rate component for full orphans is 4,558.94 rubles for each child; for other dependent family members, 2,279.47 rubles.

The pension is split equally among all eligible survivors.

State social survivor pension (social assistance): The pension is set by the government according to different categories of beneficiaries and is split equally among all eligible survivors. 4,959.15 rubles is paid to each eligible orphan; 9,991.51 rubles to full orphans or to orphans of single mothers.

Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted according to changes in the inflation rate and the average wage.

Administrative Organization

Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (http://www.pfrf.ru) and its regional bodies administer benefits and collect contributions.

Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (http://www.rosmintrud.ru) is responsible for policy development.

Sickness and Maternity

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1912.

Current laws: 1995 (child benefits), 1999 (mandatory social insurance), 2001 (labor code), 2006 (sickness and maternity benefits), 2009 (contributions), 2011 (Social Insurance Fund budget), and 2014 (sickness and maternity).

Type of program: Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical benefits) system.

Coverage

Cash benefits: Employed persons, including temporary and permanent residents of the Russian Federation.

Exclusions: Self-employed persons.

Medical benefits: Citizens of the Russian Federation and refugees.

Source of Funds

Insured person

Cash benefits: None.

Medical benefits: None. (The insured may contribute to voluntary supplementary medical and maternity insurance. The rates vary by plan.)

Self-employed person

Cash benefits: Not applicable.

Medical benefits: None. (The self-employed person may contribute to voluntary supplementary medical and maternity insurance. The rates vary by plan.)

Employer

Cash benefits: 2.9% of payroll; 1.8% of payroll for foreign citizens temporarily residing in Russia.

Medical benefits: 5.1% of payroll.

The employer's contributions for medical benefits also finance family allowances.

Government

Federal and local governments provide partial funding for medical benefits.

Qualifying Conditions

Cash and medical benefits: There is no minimum qualifying period. For the childbirth grant, the claimant must register with a medical facility at the beginning of the pregnancy.

Sickness and Maternity Benefits

Sickness benefit: The benefit varies according to the length of the coverage period: 60% of current earnings is paid with less than five years of coverage; 80% with five to eight years; 100% with more than eight years (or if the insured has three or more dependent children); up to the legal monthly minimum wage with less than six months.

For the care of a sick child younger than age 7, the benefit is provided for the period of sickness, up to 60 days a year; for a child aged 7 to 15, for 15 to 45 days a year; for an adult family member older than age 15 who is hospitalized, for seven to 30 days a year.

The minimum benefit is 100% of the legal monthly minimum wage.

The legal monthly minimum wage is 6,204 rubles.

Funeral grant: A lump sum of up to 5,277.28 rubles is paid, depending on local government financial resources.

Maternity benefit: 100% of the insured's gross earnings in the last 24 months is paid for 70 days before the expected date of childbirth and 70 days after childbirth; may be extended by an additional 14 to 40 days in certain cases.

The minimum benefit is 100% of the legal monthly minimum wage.

The legal monthly minimum wage is 6,204 rubles.

The maximum benefit is 248,164 rubles.

Childbirth grant: A lump sum of 15,512.65 rubles is paid. The local government pays an additional sum.

Pregnancy registration supplement: 581.73 rubles is paid when the pregnancy is registered in the first 12 weeks.

Adoption benefit: A lump sum of up to 105,000 rubles is paid.

Child care leave benefit: Paid to insured or unemployed parents until the child is aged 18 months. The benefit is 40% of the insured's average wage in the last 24 months and is at least 2,908.62 rubles for the first child and 5,817.24 rubles for the second and subsequent children.

The maximum monthly benefit is 21,554.82 rubles.

Parents of a child with a disability also receive benefits for four vacation days a month.

Workers' Medical Benefits

Compulsory medical insurance covers medical services provided directly to patients by public and private health providers. Benefits include general, preventive, and emergency care; hospitalization; laboratory services; dental care; maternity care; vaccinations; and transportation.

Cost sharing: Medicine prescribed during hospitalization is provided free or at reduced rates to persons with certain categories of illness, persons with disabilities, and war veterans.

Voluntary medical insurance covers specialized care, higher-cost medicine, and appliances.

Some categories of the population, including the elderly, persons with disabilities, and war veterans, may receive a cash reimbursement for some medicine.

Dependents' Medical Benefits

Medical benefits for dependents are the same as those for the insured.

Administrative Organization

Cash benefits: Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (http://www.fss.ru) and regional social insurance funds administer cash sickness and maternity benefits.

Regional departments of social protection administer maternity benefits for the unemployed and other nonworking citizens.

Medical benefits: Ministry of Health (http://www.rosminzdrav.ru) and regional health departments implement state health care policy and develop health care programs.

Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (http://www.ffoms.ru) implements health care policy within the state social insurance system and administers the financing of medical insurance programs.

Medical services are provided through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health care providers.

Regional governments administer medical insurance.

Work Injury

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1903.

Current laws: 1998 (work injury and occupational diseases), implemented in 2000; 2001 (labor code); 2005 (risk classification); and 2015 (contributions).

Type of program: Social insurance system.

Coverage

Employed persons, including temporary and permanent residents of the Russian Federation.

Exclusions: Self-employed persons.

Source of Funds

Insured person: None.

Self-employed person: Not applicable.

Employer: From 0.2% to 8.5% of payroll according to 32 classes of professional risk related to 22 industry categories. Employers may finance supplementary benefits.

Government: None. Regional and local governments may finance supplementary benefits.

Qualifying Conditions

Work injury benefits: There is no minimum qualifying period.

Temporary Disability Benefits

100% of the insured's average gross earnings is paid from the first day of incapacity until the insured is fully rehabilitated.

Average gross earnings are based on earnings immediately before certification of the degree of disability.

The Medical and Social Assessment Office assesses the degree of disability at least once a year.

Lump-sum compensation: A lump sum of up to 88,787.60 rubles is paid to insured workers according to the loss of working capacity. The benefit is adjusted according to regional environmental conditions.

A monthly benefit is paid for a temporary, prolonged loss of working capacity based on the average wage in the last 12 months and the assessed loss of working capacity.

Permanent Disability Benefits

Permanent disability pension: The pension depends on the assessed degree of disability.

Must have at least a 10% loss of work capacity.

The maximum benefit is 68,270 rubles a month and is set annually by the Social Insurance Fund.

The Medical and Social Assessment Office assesses the degree of disability at least once a year.

Constant-attendance allowance: 1,200 rubles a month is paid to those requiring special medical care; 225 rubles for daily attendance.

Workers' Medical Benefits

Compulsory medical insurance covers medical services provided directly to patients by public and private health care providers. Benefits include general, preventive, and emergency care; hospitalization; laboratory services; dental care; transportation; free appliances and medicine; and the cost of professional rehabilitation.

Specialized care may be provided under voluntary supplementary insurance offered by the employer.

Survivor Benefits

Survivor pension: Paid on the death of the insured as the result of a work injury or an occupational disease. The benefit is calculated as the sum of a basic flat-rate benefit according to different survivor categories, and a benefit based on the notional account and the number of eligible survivors.

Lump-sum compensation: In addition to the pension, a lump sum of 88,787.60 rubles is paid and split equally among all eligible survivors.

Death grant: A lump sum of up to 1,000,000 rubles is paid. (The employer may pay an additional benefit.)

Administrative Organization

Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (http://www.fss.ru) and regional funds administer temporary disability benefits.

Enterprises and employers pay benefits to employees.

Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (http://www.pfrf.ru) administers permanent disability pensions.

Ministry of Health (http://www.rosminzdrav.ru) administers the provision of medical services through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health care providers.

Regional health departments implement and administer state health care policies and programs.

Regional employment services administer and finance the program.

Unemployment

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1921.

Current laws: 1991 (employment), 1997 (registration), 2001 (labor code), 2004 (cash compensation), and 2013 (benefits).

Type of program: Social insurance and social assistance system.

Coverage

Citizens of Russia.

Source of Funds

Insured person: None.

Self-employed person: None.

Employer: None.

Government: Financed from federal and local government budgets. Regional and local governments may finance supplementary benefits for unemployed persons and their dependents.

Qualifying Conditions

Unemployment benefits: Must be registered at an employment office, have 26 weeks of full-time employment in the last 12 months (or the 26-week equivalent for part-time employment), and be willing and able to work.

Benefits may be reduced, postponed, suspended, or terminated if the worker is dismissed because of misconduct, leaving employment without good cause, violating conditions for job placement or vocational training, or filing a fraudulent claim.

Unemployed persons who do not meet the coverage conditions or persons who have never worked may be eligible for reduced benefits.

Unemployment Benefits

Unemployment benefit: 75% of the previous average monthly wage is paid for the first three months, 60% for the next four months, 45% for the next five months, and thereafter (for a further 12 months) the local minimum subsistence level increased by a factor that varies according to region.

The benefit is increased by 10% of the regional minimum subsistence level for victims of radiation and persons living in radiation-contaminated zones.

The minimum monthly benefit is 850 rubles.

The maximum monthly benefit is 4,900 rubles.

For unemployed persons who do not meet the coverage conditions or for persons who have never worked, the benefit is 30% of the regional minimum subsistence level for the first six months and 20% of the regional minimum subsistence level for the next six months, but not less than 100 rubles a month.

Dependent's supplement: The benefit is increased by 10% of the regional minimum subsistence level for each dependent, up to 30%. If both parents are unemployed, both are entitled to claim a supplement for the same dependent.

Early pension: Paid to unemployed older workers aged 58 to 59 (men) or aged 53 to 54 (women). (The benefit is the same as the old-age insurance pension under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.)

Administrative Organization

Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (http://www.rosmintrud.ru) provides general supervision.

Regional employment services administer the program.

Local employment services pay benefits.

Family Allowances

Regulatory Framework

First law: 1944.

Current laws: 1995 (child benefits), 2004 (cash compensation), 2005 (social insurance fund), and 2006 (families with children).

Type of program: Social insurance and social assistance system.

Coverage

Children younger than age 18 (up to age 23 if a full-time student).

Source of Funds

Insured person: None.

Self-employed person: None.

Employer: See source of funds under Sickness and Maternity. Employers may finance supplementary benefits.

Government: Federal and local government budgets subsidize the cost of benefits. Regional and local governments may finance supplementary benefits.

Qualifying Conditions

Child allowances: Paid to families with income below the locally determined minimum subsistence level. The child must reside in the household.

Family (maternity capital) grant: Paid to women after the birth or adoption of the second, third, or subsequent child after January 1, 2007. In special cases, men are entitled to the grant after the adoption of two children.

Family Allowance Benefits

Child allowances: The allowance varies according to geographic region and is paid for each child from age 18 months to age 18 (age 23 if a full-time student).

Supplements are paid if a parent fails to pay alimony.

Single parents receive twice the child allowance.

A parent caring for a sick child receives 60% to 100% of wages for the first seven days of illness; thereafter, 30% of wages (50% for single mothers) until the child's full recovery.

Family (maternity capital) grant: 453,026 rubles is paid.

Administrative Organization

Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (http://www.rosmintrud.ru) provides general supervision.

Regional and local departments of social protection pay benefits.

Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (http://www.pfrf.ru) and its regional bodies administer family (maternity) grants.