Income of the Population 55 or Older, 2010

Income of the Population 55 or Older is derived from the public-use file of the March Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. For this reason, most definitions in this Glossary are taken directly from documentation of the Current Population Survey and publications of the U.S. Census Bureau; when appropriate, the source of each definition is noted. The aged unit is not a concept used by the Census Bureau and as a result, no citation is given.

Information and definitions of concepts described here (except the aged unit and demographic characteristics of the aged unit) can be found at http://www.census.gov/population/www/cps/cpsdef.html. Further discussion of income sources and receipts not counted as income is taken from the Glossary for the March 2011 Current Population Survey, available at http://www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf.

Demographic Concepts

Age. Age classification is based on the age of the person at his or her last birthday as of March 2011. A married couple's age is defined as the age of the husband—unless he is under age 55 and the wife is 55 or older, in which case it is the age of the wife.

Aged unit. With age 55 as the cutoff, aged units are defined as married couples living together—at least one of whom is 55 or older—and nonmarried persons 55 or older. Persons who are separated or married but not living with their spouse are included in the nonmarried persons category.

Certain differences exist between Census Bureau and SSA figures because the units of analysis are not directly comparable. Aged persons living with a younger relative who is considered the householder are classified by the Census Bureau as members of nonaged families. Also, nonmarried individuals are treated simply as nonmarried persons by SSA. In comparison, the Census Bureau counts nonmarried persons living with other relatives as part of a family and nonmarried persons who are living alone or with nonrelatives as unrelated individuals. The Census Bureau's family category includes both married couples and those nonmarried persons who are living with relatives.

Census data show that the number of households with the householder aged 65 or older was 25,362,000 in 2010.¹ In comparison, SSA tabulations show that there were 39,179,000 persons and 29,640,000 units aged 65 or older in 2010. The SSA count generally includes the Census Bureau's aged households plus some aged units living in nonaged households or living with other aged units in the same household. The number of aged households was 86 percent of the number of aged units.

Family. A family is a group of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together; all such people (including related subfamily members) are considered as members of one family.² In this publication, individuals living with no other family members are referred to as "1-person families."

Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. A married couple is of Hispanic origin if the husband is of Hispanic origin.

Marital status. Married persons are married and living with their spouse. Nonmarried persons may be divorced, widowed, never married, separated, or married but living apart from their spouse.

Race. A person's race is his or her reported race. A married couple's race is defined as the race of the husband. Beginning with the 2002 edition, respondents were allowed to report more than one race. The categories White alone, Black alone, and Asian alone reflect respondents who reported only one race. Because of these changes, data on race are not directly comparable to editions prior to 2002, and one should use caution when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the elderly over time. In 2002, less than 1 percent of persons aged 55 or older reported more than one race.

Income Definitions

Money income data are collected for all people 15 or older in the sample. Money income includes earnings, unemployment compensation, workers' compensation, Social Security, Supplemental Security Income, public assistance, veterans' payments, survivor benefits, pension or retirement income, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, income from estates and trusts, educational assistance, alimony, child support, cash assistance from outside the household, and other miscellaneous sources. It is income before deductions for taxes or other expenses and does not include lump-sum payments or capital gains.³

Total Money Income. The term is defined as the arithmetic sum of money wages and salaries, net income from self-employment, and income other than earnings. The total income of a household is the arithmetic sum of the amounts received by all income recipients in the household.⁴

Earnings is the sum of income from wages and salaries and income from self-employment.

Wages and salaries. Money wages or salary is defined as total money earnings received for work performed as an employee during the income year. It includes wages, salary, Armed Forces pay, commissions, tips, piece-rate payments, and cash bonuses earned, before deductions are made for taxes, bonds, pensions, union dues, and so forth. Earnings for self-employed persons in incorporated businesses are considered wage and salary.⁵

Self-employment. Income from self-employment is the combined income from farm and nonfarm self-employment.

Farm self-employment is net money income (gross receipts minus operating expenses) from the operation of a farm by a person on their own account, as an owner, as a renter, or as a sharecropper. Nonfarm self-employment is net money income (gross receipts minus expenses) from one's own business, professional enterprise, or partnership.⁶

Retirement benefits is the sum of Social Security benefits and public and private pensions.

Social Security. Social Security includes retired-worker benefits, dependents' or survivor benefits, and disability benefits made by the Social Security Administration prior to deductions for medical insurance and railroad retirement insurance checks from the U.S. Government. "Medicare" reimbursements are not included.⁷ In addition, fewer than five persons received transitionally insured benefits, a special type of retirement benefit, in 2010.⁸ As of 2011, there were no longer any beneficiaries receiving this type of benefit. For further information on types of Social Security benefits, see Social Security's Annual Statistical Supplement 2010, pages 17–19.

Pensions. Many employers and unions have established pension program for their employees so that upon retirement employees will receive regular income to replace their earnings. Many of these programs also provide income to employees if they becomes severely disabled, or to their survivors upon death.⁹ Nonregular (nonannuitized or lump-sum) withdrawals from IRA, Keogh, and 401(k) plans are not included as income.

Employer pensions. Employer pensions include pensions from Railroad Retirement, government employee pensions, and private pensions and annuities.

Government employee pensions. Government employee pensions include regular payments from federal government (civil service), military, and state or local governments.

Private pensions and annuities. Private pensions and annuities include regular payments from companies or unions, annuities or paid-up insurance policies, individual retirement accounts (IRAs), Keogh, or 401(k) payments.

Asset income includes interest, dividends, income from estates or trusts, and net rental income or royalties.

Interest income. Interest includes payments people receive (or have credited to their accounts) from bonds, treasury notes, IRAs, certificates of deposit, interest-bearing savings and checking accounts, and all other investments that pay interest.¹⁰

Dividends. Dividends include income people receive from stock holdings and mutual fund shares. The CPS does not include capital gains from the sale of stock holdings as income.¹¹

Rents, royalties, and estates and trusts. Include net income people receive from the rental of a house, store, or other property, receipts from boarders or lodgers, net royalty income, and periodic payments from estate or trust funds.¹²

Cash public assistance includes Supplemental Security Income and other public assistance.

Supplemental Security Income. Includes federal, state, and local welfare agency payments to low-income people who are 65 years old and over or people of any age who are blind or disabled.¹³

For more information on the SSI program, see "Supplemental Security Income (SSI)" (SSA Publication No. 05-11000). You may also want to read the introductory material in "Understanding Supplemental Security Income." (Source: FAQ Answer ID 93 or visit http://www.socialsecurity.gov.)

Other Public Assistance. Includes cash public assistance payments low-income people receive, such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC, ADC), temporary assistance to needy families (TANF), general assistance, and emergency assistance.¹⁴

Other income is total income minus earnings, Social Security, pensions, asset income, and cash public assistance; included are unemployment compensation, workers' compensation, veterans' payments, and personal contributions.

Unemployment compensation. Includes payments the respondent received from government unemployment agencies or private companies during periods of unemployment and any strike benefits the respondent received from union funds.¹⁵

Workers' compensation. Includes payments people receive periodically from public or private insurance companies for injuries received at work.¹⁶

Veterans' payments. Include payments disabled members of the armed forces or survivors of deceased veterans receive periodically from the Department of Veterans Affairs for education and on-the-job training, and means-tested assistance to veterans.¹⁷

Personal contributions. Include child support, alimony, and financial assistance from friends and relatives.

Receipts Not Counted As Income

Receipts from the following sources are not included as income: (1) capital gains people received (or losses they incur) from the sale of property, including stocks, bonds, a house, or a car (unless the person was engaged in the business of selling such property, in which case the CPS counts the net proceeds as income from self-employment); (2) withdrawals of bank deposits; (3) money borrowed; (4) tax refunds; (5) gifts; and (6) lump-sum inheritances or insurance payments.¹⁸

Noncash benefits include Food Stamps, energy assistance, and housing assistance. Receipt of noncash benefits is only reported in the section on the sources of income received. No dollar values are assigned to the noncash benefits in this publication, and they are not included in total money income. A person or aged unit is indicated as having received a noncash benefit if any person in the household received food, energy, or housing assistance.

Food. In this publication, food noncash benefits are comprised solely of food stamps. School breakfast, lunch, and other food assistance programs are not covered. The Food Stamp Act of 1977 was enacted for the purpose of increasing the food purchasing power of eligible households through the use of coupons to purchase food. The Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers the Food Stamp Program through State and local welfare offices. The Food Stamp Program is the major national income support program which provides benefits to all low-income and low-resource households regardless of household characteristics (for example, sex, age, disability, etc.).¹⁹

Energy Assistance Program. The Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program provides financial assistance to qualified households to help them pay heating costs. The program is funded by the federal government and administered by the States under broad guidelines.²⁰

Housing Assistance. There are some programs through which housing assistance is provided to low-income families and individuals living in public or privately owned dwellings. Two of the more common types of programs in which federal, State, and local funds are used to subsidize private sector housing are rent supplement and interest reduction plans. Under a rent supplement plan the difference between the "fair market" rent and the rent charged to the tenant is paid to the owner by a government agency. Under an interest reduction program the amount of interest paid on the mortgage by the owner is reduced so that subsequent savings can be passed along to low-income tenants in the form of lower rent charges. A recipient unit can either be a family of two or more related persons or an individual who is handicapped, elderly, or displaced by urban renewal or natural disaster.

Housing assistance questions differ from other questions covering noncash benefits in that they establish current recipiency status in March 2011 rather than recipiency status during 2010.²¹

Other Key Concepts

Poverty. Following the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) Directive 14, the Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to detect who is poor. If a family's total income is less than that family's threshold, then that family, and every individual in it, is considered poor. The poverty thresholds do not vary geographically, but they are updated annually for inflation with the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The official poverty definition counts money income before taxes and excludes capital gains and noncash benefits (such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps).

Poverty statistics are based on a definition developed by Mollie Orshansky of the Social Security Administration (SSA) in 1964 and revised in 1969 and 1981 by interagency committees. This definition was established as the official definition of poverty for statistical use in all Executive departments in 1969 (in Bureau of the Budget Circular No. A-46) and was reconfirmed in the Office of Management and Budget Statistical Policy Directive No. 14. For further details, see the section, "Changes in the Definition of Poverty," in Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 133.

The poverty thresholds are increased each year by the same percentage as the annual average Consumer Price Index (CPI). The poverty thresholds are currently adjusted using the annual average CPI-U (1982–84 = 100).

For further information on how the poverty thresholds were developed and subsequent changes in them, see Gordon M. Fisher, "The Development and History of the Poverty Thresholds," Social Security Bulletin, vol. 55, no. 4, Winter 1992, pp. 3–14.²²

Discussions of alternative measures of poverty are available in Citro and Michael (1995).²³ The U.S. Census Bureau also publishes data on alternative measures of poverty; for more information, see http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-227.pdf.

Relative Importance of Income Source. The relative importance of a source is the ratio of the amount of income from a given source to total income.

Aggregate Income Share. An aggregate income share is the ratio of the amount of income from a given source to total income for an entire subpopulation. Aggregate income share tables are distributions of dollars by source.

Technical Information for Constructing Income Measures from the CPS Survey Data

The information provided here is intended to help users familiar with working with survey data to reproduce statistics in this publication or construct additional comparable measures. For questions regarding the survey variables themselves, please consult the technical documentation for the March 2011 CPS (http://www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf).

Assigning persons to aged units

An aged unit can be either a nonmarried person or a married couple. The person record is used for nonmarried persons (A-MARITL equals 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7). To create a married couple, a person with A-MARITL equals 1 or 2 is assigned to his or her spouse by matching A-LINENO of one person to the A-SPOUSE of another person in the same household (PH-SEQ is the same for both persons).

Variables used to calculate income

These are the income variables for an individual. To obtain total income for an aged unit, sum amounts over the married couple or over the nonmarried person. To obtain family totals, sum over all family members (those with the same FH-SEQ and FFPOS).