The primary receipts of these two funds are amounts appropriated to each of them under permanent authority on the basis of contributions payable by workers, their employers, and individuals with self-employment income, in work covered by the OASDI program. All employees, and their employers, in covered employment are required to pay contributions with respect to their wages. Employees, and their employers, are also required to pay contributions with respect to cash tips, if the individual's monthly cash tips amount to at least $20. All self-employed persons are required to pay contributions with respect to their covered net earnings from self-employment. In addition to paying the required employer contributions on the wages of covered Federal employees, the Federal Government also pays amounts equivalent to the combined employer and employee contributions that would be paid on deemed wage credits attributable to military service performed after 1956 if such wage credits were covered wages.
In general, an individual's contributions, or taxes, are computed on wages or net earnings from self-employment, or both wages and net self-employment earnings combined, up to a specified maximum annual amount. The contributions are determined first on the wages and then on any net self-employment earnings, such that the total does not exceed the annual maximum amount. An employee who pays contributions on wages in excess of the annual maximum amount (because of employment with two or more employers) is eligible for a refund of the excess employee contributions.
The monthly benefit amount to which an individual (or his or her spouse and children) may become entitled under the OASDI program is based on the individual's taxable earnings during his or her lifetime. For almost all persons who first become eligible to receive benefits in 1979 or later, the earnings used in the computation of benefits are indexed to reflect increases in average wage levels.
The contribution, or tax, rates applicable in each calendar year and the allocation of these rates between the OASI and DI Trust Funds are shown in table II.B1.
For 1998 and later, the rates shown in table
II.B1 are those scheduled
in present law. (The total contribution rates for the OASDI and
Hospital Insurance (HI) programs combined, and for each program
separately, are shown in appendix A, table
III.A1.) The maximum amount
of earnings on which OASDI contributions are payable in a year,
which is also the maximum amount of earnings creditable in that year
for benefit-computation purposes, is called the contribution and benefit
base. The contribution and benefit base for each year through 1997
is also shown in table II.B1.
Table II.B1. Contribution and Benefit Base and Contribution Rates | ||||||||
| Calendar years |
Contribution and benefit base |
Contribution rates (percent)
| ||||||
| Employees and employers, each |
Self-employed
| |||||||
| OASDI | OASI | DI | OASDI | OASI | DI | |||
| 1937-49 | $3,000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | - | - | - | - | |
| 1950 | 3,000 | 1.500 | 1.500 | - | - | - | - | |
| 1951-53 | 3,600 | 1.500 | 1.500 | - | 2.2500 | 2.2500 | - | |
| 1954 | 3,600 | 2.000 | 2.000 | - | 3.0000 | 3.0000 | - | |
| 1955-56 | 4,200 | 2.000 | 2.000 | - | 3.0000 | 3.0000 | - | |
| 1957-58 | 4,200 | 2.250 | 2.000 | 0.250 | 3.3750 | 3.0000 | 0.3750 | |
| 1959 | 4,800 | 2.500 | 2.250 | .250 | 3.7500 | 3.3750 | .3750 | |
| 1960-61 | 4,800 | 3.000 | 2.750 | .250 | 4.5000 | 4.1250 | .3750 | |
| 1962 | 4,800 | 3.125 | 2.875 | .250 | 4.7000 | 4.3250 | .3750 | |
| 1963-65 | 4,800 | 3.625 | 3.375 | .250 | 5.4000 | 5.0250 | .3750 | |
| 1966 | 6,600 | 3.850 | 3.500 | .350 | 5.8000 | 5.2750 | .5250 | |
| 1967 | 6,600 | 3.900 | 3.550 | .350 | 5.9000 | 5.3750 | .5250 | |
| 1968 | 7,800 | 3.800 | 3.325 | .475 | 5.8000 | 5.0875 | .7125 | |
| 1969 | 7,800 | 4.200 | 3.725 | .475 | 6.3000 | 5.5875 | .7125 | |
| 1970 | 7,800 | 4.200 | 3.650 | .550 | 6.3000 | 5.4750 | .8250 | |
| 1971 | 7,800 | 4.600 | 4.050 | .550 | 6.9000 | 6.0750 | .8250 | |
| 1972 | 9,000 | 4.600 | 4.050 | .550 | 6.9000 | 6.0750 | .8250 | |
| 1973 | 10,800 | 4.850 | 4.300 | .550 | 7.0000 | 6.2050 | .7950 | |
| 1974 | 13,200 | 4.950 | 4.375 | .575 | 7.0000 | 6.1850 | .8150 | |
| 1975 | 14,100 | 4.950 | 4.375 | .575 | 7.0000 | 6.1850 | .8150 | |
| 1976 | 15,300 | 4.950 | 4.375 | .575 | 7.0000 | 6.1850 | .8150 | |
| 1977 | 16,500 | 4.950 | 4.375 | .575 | 7.0000 | 6.1850 | .8150 | |
| 1978 | 17,700 | 5.050 | 4.275 | .775 | 7.1000 | 6.0100 | 1.0900 | |
| 1979 | 22,900 | 5.080 | 4.330 | .750 | 7.0500 | 6.0100 | 1.0400 | |
| 1980 | 25,900 | 5.080 | 4.520 | .560 | 7.0500 | 6.2725 | .7775 | |
| 1981 | 29,700 | 5.350 | 4.700 | .650 | 8.0000 | 7.0250 | .9750 | |
| 1982 | 32,400 | 5.400 | 4.575 | .825 | 8.0500 | 6.8125 | 1.2375 | |
| 1983 | 35,700 | 5.400 | 4.775 | .625 | 8.0500 | 7.1125 | .9375 | |
| 1984 1/ | 37,800 | 5.700 | 5.200 | .500 | 11.4000 | 10.4000 | 1.0000 | |
| 1985 1/ | 39,600 | 5.700 | 5.200 | .500 | 11.4000 | 10.4000 | 1.0000 | |
| 1986 1/ | 42,000 | 5.700 | 5.200 | .500 | 11.4000 | 10.4000 | 1.0000 | |
| 1987 1/ | 43,800 | 5.700 | 5.200 | .500 | 11.4000 | 10.4000 | 1.0000 | |
| 1988 1/ | 45,000 | 6.060 | 5.530 | .530 | 12.1200 | 11.0600 | 1.0600 | |
| 1989 1/ | 48,000 | 6.060 | 5.530 | .530 | 12.1200 | 11.0600 | 1.0600 | |
| 1990 | 51,300 | 6.200 | 5.600 | .600 | 12.4000 | 11.2000 | 1.2000 | |
| 1991 | 53,400 | 6.200 | 5.600 | .600 | 12.4000 | 11.2000 | 1.2000 | |
| 1992 | 55,500 | 6.200 | 5.600 | .600 | 12.4000 | 11.2000 | 1.2000 | |
| 1993 | 57,600 | 6.200 | 5.600 | .600 | 12.4000 | 11.2000 | 1.2000 | |
| 1994 | 60,600 | 6.200 | 5.260 | .940 | 12.4000 | 10.5200 | 1.8800 | |
| 1995 | 61,200 | 6.200 | 5.260 | .940 | 12.4000 | 10.5200 | 1.8800 | |
| 1996 | 62,700 | 6.200 | 5.260 | .940 | 12.4000 | 10.5200 | 1.8800 | |
| 1997 | 65,400 | 6.200 | 5.350 | .850 | 12.4000 | 10.7000 | 1.7000 | |
| 1998-99 | (2/) | 6.200 | 5.350 | .850 | 12.4000 | 10.7000 | 1.7000 | |
| 2000 and later | (2/) | 6.200 | 5.300 | .900 | 12.4000 | 10.6000 | 1.8000 | |
| 1 In 1984 only, an immediate credit of 0.3 percent of taxable wages was allowed against the OASDI contributions paid by employees, which resulted in an effective contribution rate of 5.4 percent. The appropriations of contributions to the trust funds, however, were based on the combined employee-employer rate of 11.4 percent, as if the credit for employees did not apply. Similar credits of 2.7 percent, 2.3 percent, and 2.0 percent were allowed against the combined OASDI and Hospital Insurance (HI) contributions on net earnings from self-employment in 1984, 1985, and 1986-89, respectively. Beginning in 1990, self-employed persons are allowed a deduction, for purposes of computing their net earnings, equal to half of the combined OASDI and HI contributions that would be payable without regard to the contribution and benefit base. The OASDI contribution rate is then applied to net earnings after this deduction, but subject to the OASDI base. 2 Subject to automatic adjustment based on increases in average wages. | ||||||||
All contributions are collected by the Internal Revenue Service and
deposited in the general fund of the Treasury. The contributions are
immediately and automatically appropriated to the trust funds on an
estimated basis. The exact amount of contributions received is not
known initially because the OASDI and HI contributions and individual
income taxes are not separately identified in collection reports
received by the Internal Revenue Service. Periodic adjustments are
subsequently made to the extent that the estimates are found to differ
from the amounts of contributions actually payable as determined
from reported earnings. Adjustments are also made to account for any
refunds to employees (with more than one employer) who paid contributions
on wages in excess of the contribution and benefit base.
From May 1983 through November 1990, amounts representing the estimated total collections of OASDI contributions for each month were credited to the trust funds on the first day of the month. The "Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990" amended the law in effect since 1983 to provide that such advance transfers would be used only if the trust funds drop to such a low level that advance transfers are needed in order to pay benefits.
Beginning in 1984, up to one-half of an individual's or couple's OASDI benefits was subject to Federal income taxation under certain circumstances. Effective for taxable years beginning after 1993, the maximum percentage of benefits subject to taxation was increased from 50 percent to 85 percent. The proceeds from taxation of up to 50 percent of benefits are credited to the OASI and DI Trust Funds in advance, on an estimated basis, at the beginning of each calendar quarter, with no reimbursement to the general fund for interest costs attributable to the advance transfers. (The additional tax revenues resulting from the increase to 85 percent are transferred to the HI Trust Fund.) Subsequent adjustments are made based on the actual amounts as shown on annual income tax records. The amounts appropriated from the general fund of the Treasury are allocated to the OASI and DI Trust Funds on the basis of the income taxes paid on the benefits from each fund. (A special provision applies to benefits paid to nonresident aliens. Under Public Law 103-465, effective for taxable years beginning after 1994, a flat-rate tax, usually 25.5 percent, is withheld from the benefits before they are paid and, therefore, remains in the trust funds. From 1984 to 1994 the flat-rate tax that was withheld was usually 15 percent.)
Another source of income to the trust funds is interest received on investments held by the trust funds. That portion of each trust fund which, in the judgment of the Managing Trustee, is not required to meet current expenditures for benefits and administration is invested, on a daily basis, primarily in interest-bearing obligations of the U.S. Government (including special public-debt obligations described below). Investments may also be made in obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States, including certain Federally sponsored agency obligations that are designated in the laws authorizing their issuance as lawful investments for fiduciary and trust funds under the control and authority of the United States or any officer of the United States. These obligations may be acquired on original issue at the issue price or by purchase of outstanding obligations at their market price. Thus, all of the investments held by the trust funds are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
The Social Security Act authorizes the issuance of special public-debt obligations for purchase exclusively by the trust funds. The Act provides that these obligations shall bear interest at a rate equal to the average market yield (computed on the basis of market quotations as of the end of the calendar month next preceding the date of such issue) on all marketable interest-bearing obligations of the United States then forming a part of the public debt which are not due or callable until after the expiration of 4 years from the end of such calendar month. These special issues are redeemable at all times at par value and thus bear no risk with respect to changes in interest rates (i.e., principal price fluctuations).
Income is also affected by provisions of the Social Security Act for (1) transfers between the general fund of the Treasury and the OASI and DI Trust Funds for any adjustments to prior payments for the cost arising from the granting of noncontributory wage credits for military service prior to 1957, according to periodic determinations made by the Secretary of Health and Human Services; (2) annual reimbursements from the general fund of the Treasury to the OASI Trust Fund for any costs arising from the special monthly cash payments to certain uninsured persons -- i.e., those who attained age 72 before 1968 and who generally are not eligible for cash benefits under other provisions of the OASDI program; and (3) the receipt of unconditional money gifts or bequests made for the benefit of the trust funds or any activity financed through the funds.
The primary expenditures of the OASI and DI Trust Funds are for (1) OASDI benefit payments, net of any reimbursements from the general fund of the Treasury for unnegotiated benefit checks, and (2) expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of the Treasury in administering the OASDI program and the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relating to the collection of contributions. Such administrative expenses include expenditures for construction, rental and lease, or purchase of office buildings and related facilities for the Social Security Administration. The Social Security Act does not permit expenditures from the OASI and DI Trust Funds for any purpose not related to the payment of benefits or administrative costs for the OASDI program.
The expenditures of the trust funds are also affected by (1) costs of vocational rehabilitation services furnished as an additional benefit to disabled persons receiving cash benefits because of their disabilities where such services contributed to their successful rehabilitation, and (2) the provisions of the Railroad Retirement Act which provide for a system of coordination and financial interchange between the Railroad Retirement program and the Social Security program. Under the latter provisions, transfers between the Railroad Retirement program's Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account and the trust funds are made on an annual basis in order to place each trust fund in the same position in which it would have been if railroad employment had always been covered under Social Security.
The net worth of facilities and other fixed capital assets is not carried in the statements of the operations of the trust funds presented in this report. This is because the value of fixed capital assets does not represent funds available for the payment of benefits or administrative expenditures, and therefore is not considered in assessing the actuarial status of the trust funds.